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SitNITARY    STATISTICS 


NATIVE  COLONIAL  SCHOOLS  AND 
HOSPITALS. 


d^. 


lOKKNCE  MGHTINdALE. 


LONDON. 

M.D.CCC.LXIII. 


THE 
ROY  E.  CHRISTENSEN 

COLLECTION 
OF  VICTORIAN    ROOKS 


AT 

BRIGHAM  YOUNG  UNIVERSITY 
LIBRARY 

Assembled  by  David  Magee         ^--^ 


M 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2009  with  funding  from 
Brigham  Young  University 


http://www.archive.org/details/sanitarystatistiOObyunigh 


k 


SANITARY    STATISTICS 


NATIVE  COLONIAL  SCHOOLS  AND 
HOSPITALS. 


FLOEEKCE  NIGHTINGALE. 


LONDON. 

M.D.CCC.I.XIK. 


SANITARY  STATISTICS  OF  NATIVE  COLONIAL 
SCHOOLS  AND  HOSPITALS. 


If  it  is  said  on  reading  this  paper,  There  is  nothing  in  it, 
I  answer,  That  is  why  1  wrote  it,  because  there  is  nothing 
in  it,  in  order  that  something  might  come  out  of  nothing. 
It  is  to  show  that  statistics,  capable  of  aflbrding  complete 
practical  results  when  wanted,  have  scarcely  made  a 
beginning  in  the  colonies.  It  is  to  show  that  when  the 
Colonial  Office,  with  great  labour  and  no  little  cost,  has 
collected,  and  I,  with  the  same,  have  reduced  these  ma- 
terials, they  are  incapable  of  giving  all  the  beneficial 
information  expected.  The  material  does  not  exist,  or,  if 
it  does,  it  is  in  a  very  undeceloped  state.  Such  as  it  is,  1 
have  tried  to  do  the  best  I  could  with  it.  And  this  is  the 
result. 

Several  years  ago,  before  Sir  George  Grey  returned  to 
his  government  at  the  Cape,  I  had  a  conversation  with 
him  on  a  subject  which  had  dwelt  very  much  on  his  mind, 
viz.,  the  gradual  disappearance  of  the  aboriginal  races 
from  the  neighbourhood  of  civilized  communities.  One 
of  the  points  raised  in  the  discussion  was  the  probable 
effect  which  European  school  usages  and  school  education 
might  exercise  on  the  health  of  the  children  of  parents 
and  of  races  who  had  never  hitherto  been  brought  under 
education. 

It  appeared  of  great  importance  to  ascertain,  if  possible,  Colonial 
the  precise  influence  which  school  training  exercised  on  school  re- 
the   health  of  native  children.      And  1  applied  to  the  *^^™^- 
Colonial  Office  for  aid  in  carrying  out  such  an  inquiry. 
The  Duke  of  Newcastle  entered  warmly  into  the  subject, 
and  ofiered  at  once  to   call   for  any  mformation   which 
might  throw  light  on  it.     I   had    a    simple  school  form 
prepared  and  printed,  copies  of  which  were  sent   by  the 
Colonial   Office  to  the  Governors  of  the  various  colonies. 
Returns  were  made  from  a  large  number  of  schools,  bat 
as  no  information  has  been  received  from  many  more,  I 
presume  the  school  statistics  did  not  afford  the  means  of 
supplying  the  required  information. 

A  2 


I  have  received,  through  the  Colonial  Office,  filled  up 
returns  from  143  schools,  in  Ceylon,  Australia,  Natal, West 
Coast  of  Africa,  British  North  America,  the  results  of 
which  are  given  in  the  accompanying  series  of  tables, 
pp.  20  to  26.  Table  A.  gives  the  name  and  date  of  opening  of  each 
school,  the  numbers  of  j^ears  included  in  the  Return,  the 
average  number  of  native  children,  their  sexes  and  ages 
for  quinquennial  periods,  together  with  the  mortality  for 
the  period  included  in  the  return.  The  results  of  this 
table  for  all  the  colonial  schools  are  given  in  the  reduc- 
tion Table  A.  a.,  which  states  the  total  average  attendance 
for  all  the  schools  in  each  colony,  together  with  the  total 
deaths,  arranged  in  quinquennial  periods,  so  far  as  it  could 
be  done.  This  table  merely  gives  the  general  numerical 
results ;  but  as  the  periods  vary  considerably  it  has  been 
necessary  to  reduce  the  data  under  one  common  denomi- 
nation, to  obtain  the  absolute  annual  rate  of  mortality. 
This  has  been  done  in  the  Tables  B,  C,  D,  E,  F,  which 
show  the  years  of  life  and  the  mortality  for  each  sex  and 


26. 


age. 

Table  A.  a.  shows  that  the  averaore  attendance  of  all 


ages  at  these  schools  has  been  7,485  boys,  and  2,453 
girls,  making  a  total  of  9)938  as  the  number  of  children  on 
whom  the  rate  of  mortality  has  been  obtained.  A  small 
proportion  of  these  children,  only  6/2  boys  and  422  girls, 
were  under  5  years  of  age.  There  were  3,546  (2,651 
boys  and  895  girls)  between  the  ages  of  5  and  10. 
Between  the  ages  of  10  and  15  there  were  3,268  children, 
viz.,  2,288  boys,  and  980  girls.  At  the  age  of  15  and 
upwards  there  were  1,391  boys,  and  only  156  girls, 
attending  school. 

The  total  deaths,  for  the  various  periods,  on  this  school 
attendance  were  451  boys  and  132  girls,  of  all  ages,  be- 
sides 79  boys  and  39  girls  who  are  returned  as  leaving 
school  annually  to  die  at  home.  It  is  important  to  remark 
that,  out  of  a  total  average  school  attendance  of  9j938, 
onlj^  235  boys  and  82  girls  are  stated  to  leave  school 
annually  from  ill-health. 

The  relative  mortality  of  boys  and  girls  attending  these 
pp.  27,  28.     schools  is  shown  by  Tables  B.  to  F. 

The  death  rate,  it  will  be  observed,  varies  considerably 
in  different  colonies.  It  is  least  among  the  native  chil- 
dren at  Natal,  where  a  little  more  than  five  males  per 
1,000  and  three  females  per  1,000  die  annually.  The 
Ceylon  schools  give  a  death  rate  of  14^  per  1,000  per 


annum  for  boys  and  about  3  per  1,000  per  annum  for 
girls.  But,  including-  deaths  among  children  who  leave 
school  to  die  at  home,  this  rate  would  be  nearly  doubled. 

The  Indian  schools  in  Canada  afford  a  total  annual 
death  rate  of  124  P'^'  1,000  for  both  sexes;  but  the 
mortality  of  girls  is  nearly  double  that  of  boys. 

The  Sierra  Leone  schools  afford  a  very  high  rate  of 
mortality,  viz.,  20  per  1,000  for  males,  and  35  per  1,000 
for  females. 

The  Western  Australian  schools  yield  the  highest 
death  rate  of  any,  nearly  35  per  1,000  for  boys  and  13 
per  1 ,000  for  girls. 

These  death  rates  are  of  course  only  approximations 
to  the  truth.     But  on  any  supposition  they  are  very  high. 

It  is  important  to  compare  these  death  rates  with  those 
of  children  of  the  same  ages  at  home.  But  we  have  only 
the  means  of  doing  so  for  5  years  of  age  and  onwards. 
The  home  rates  are  given  in  Table  E.,  which  show^s  that 
from  5  to  10  the  total  mortality  of  both  sexes  is  9' 2  per 
1,000  at  home.  From  10  to  15  it  is  5-3  per  1,000.  Above 
15  the  home  mortality  is  8*4  per  1,000.  Making  allow- 
ance for  native  children  dying  at  home,  we  shall  be  within 
the  truth  in  assuming  the  mortality  of  native  children  at 
school  as  double  that  of  English  children  of  the  same  ages. 

The  next  point  of  the  inquiry  is  to  ascertain  the  nature  Table  G, 
of  the  fatal  diseases.      And  here  we  find  a  remarkable  P-  29- 
difference  in  the  returns  from  different  colonies.      Thus 
out  of  190  deaths  in  the  Sierra  Leone  schools,  all  except 
8   are  due  to   small  pox,   measles,  and    hooping   cough, 
scarlet  fever,  and  other  forms  of  fever. 

In  the  Ceylon  schools  these  same  diseases,  with  the 
addition  of  diarrhoea,  dysentery,  and  cholera,  give  rise  to 
261  deaths  out  of  a  total  mortality  of  341.  In  contrast 
with  this  great  prevalence  of  miasmatic  diseases,  the 
West  Australian  schools  yield  only  2  deaths  from  chil- 
dren's epidemics,  out  of  a  total  mortality  of  9- 

In  the  Natal  schools  three  children  died  of  miasmatic 
diseases  out  of  a  total  mortality  of  16,  while  in  the 
Canadian  schools  there  is  only  one  miasmatic  death  out 
of  a  total  mortality  of  27. 

The  adult  natives  at  many  of  the  colonies  are  con- 
sidered specially  subject  to  tubercular  diseases,  more  par- 
ticularly consumption.  This  class  of  diseases  is  indeed 
supposed  to  be  a  main  cause  of  the  gradual  decline  and 
disappearance  of  uncivilized  or  semi -civilized  races. 


6 

The  facts,  as  regards  these  colonial  schools,  are  as 
follow  : — 

Amongst  the  Sierra  Leone  children  there  is  only  one 
death  from  consumption  and  one  from  scrofula  reported 
out  of  a  total  of  I90  deaths.  In  the  West  Australian 
schools  two  of  the  nine  deaths  arose  from  consumption. 
In  the  Natal  schools  there  was  one  death  from  consump- 
tion and  one  from  scrofula  out  of  I6  deaths.  But  there 
died  seven  children  of  other  chest  diseases  besides  con- 
sumption. The  Ceylon  schools  yielded  seven  deaths  from 
consumption,  five  from  other  chest  diseases,  and  one  from 
scrofula,  out  of  a  total  mortality  of  341. 

These  figures,  so  far  as  they  go,  show  comparatively 
little  liability  to  consumptive  diseases  among  children  in 
these  colonies.  But  there  is  a  native  training  institution 
Table  S,  in  South  Australia,  in  which  a  very  large  proportion  of 
p-  47.  the   mortality  is  due  to  tubercular   diseases.     Scrofula, 

phthisis,  and  hfemoptysis  are  returned  as  having  occa- 
sioned 69  '  6  per  cent,  of  the  total  mortality  in  the  insti- 
tution, among  males,  and  61  *  9  per  cent,  among  females. 
When  we  cross  over  to  Canada  we  find  that,  out  of  a  total 
mortality  of  27,  I6  deaths  arose  from  consumption  and 
five  from  scrofula.  Indeed  all  the  specified  deaths  arose 
from  tubercular  disease  except  one  solitary  death  from 
fever. 

I  will  next  describe  shortly  the  method  of  the  school 
education,  with  its  probable  influence  on  the  children's 
health. 

The  facts  under  this  head  are  given  in  the  form  of  notes 
to  each  school  return.  I  have  had  them  thrown  together, 
pp.  30  to  39.  for  the  sake  of  comparison,  in  Table  H.,  the  general 
results  of  which  are  as  follow. 

Many  of  the  school  houses  are  described  in  the  re- 
turns as  of  bad  construction,  and  ill  situated  for  health, 
and  the  ventilation  very  insufficient.  Some  of  them  are 
unfavourably  situated  for  free  external  ventilation,  or 
their  local  position  is  damp  and  subject  to  malaria,  the 
results  of  which,  as  well  as  the  results  of  general  defective 
sanitary  condition  in  their  vicinity  are  evidenced  by  the 
great  prevalence  of  miasmatic  diseases,  such  as  fevers, 
diarrhoea,  dysentery,  and  even  cholera,  among  the  children. 

The  period  of  tuition  varies  considerably,  from  two  up 
to  ten  or  more  years.  The  school  instruction  is  generally 
five  ;  in  a  few  cases,  six  days  af  week.     At  a  few  stations 


nearly  half  the  year  is  allowed  for  holidays.     Bat  gene- 
rally the  holidays  are  from  two  to  six  or  eight  weeks. 

In  most  of  the  schools  there  seem  to  be  no  play  hours 
on  school  days.  When  play  hours  are  allowed  these  are 
from  half  an  hour  to  two  hours.  At  about  a  dozen  schools 
only  is  there  any  out-door  work  combined  with  instruc- 
tion. The  largest  amount  of  this  work  is  given  in  the 
jVatal  and  Canadian  schools.  Out  of  the  whole  number 
there  are  only  nine  schools  at  which  there  is  any  attempt 
made  at  combining  the  elements  of  physical  education 
with  the  school  instruction,  and  even  where  this  is  done 
the  measure  is  partial  and  inefficient,  being  confined  to  a 
few  exercises  or  simply  to  bathing.  The  obvious  physio- 
logical necessity  of  engrafting  civilized  habits  on  uncivi- 
lized races  gradually  through  the  means  of  systematic 
physical  training  appears  to  be  nowhere  recognized,  except 
at  New  Norcia  (Benedictine)  school,  Western  Australia, 
on  the  return  from  wdiich  there  is  the  following  very  im- 
portant statement : — Gymnastics  are  stated  to  be  neces- 
sary to  prevent  sickness,  and  the  reporter  proceeds,  "  The 
"  idea  of  bringing  savages  from  their  wild  state  at  once 
"  to  an  advanced  civilization  serves  no  other  purpose 
"  than  that  of  murdering  them."  And  the  result  of  the 
out-door  training  practised  at  this  school  is  said  to  have 
been  hitherto  successful  "  in  preventing  the  destructive 
*'  effects  of  tills  error." 

Confinement  appears  to  be  peculiarly  injurious  to  the  ^Ppe»dIxII. 
aborigines  of  South  Australia,  for  the  Governor  states  ^^'  ^^' 
that  lie  "  almost  always  finds  it  necessary  to  release  pri- 
''  soners  before  the  expiration  of  their  sentences,  as  death 
"  is  apt  to  ensue  from  any  prolonged  confinement." 
Even  partial  confinement  in  schools,  he  thinks,  injuriously 
affects  the  native  constitution. 

Another  very  important  observation  bearing  on  the 
necessity  of  careful  consideration  of  habits  is  recorded  on 
the  return  from  one  of  the  Natal  schools.  It  might  bs 
supposed  that  one  of  the  most  obvious  duties  in  bringing 
iiative  children  to  school  w^ould  be  to  clothe  them,  but 
nevertheless  clothing  an  uncivilized  child  requires  care.* 
In  their  natural  state  they  expose  themselves  to  torrents 
of"  rain  vvhich  runs  off  them,  and  they  are  easily  v/armed 


*  People  liavo  been  asked  lo  assist  iu  makinj^  clothing  for  the  Kaffir 
tribes  whom  missionaries  v.-ere  soing  out  to  acldr?3s,  that  the  feeling  of 
decency  might  not  be  olTended  in  addressing  the  naked. 


and  dried  at  the  hut  fire.  But  it  is  stated  that,  when 
clothed  in  flannel  and  jersey,  they  get  chilled  by  the  rain, 
and  that  pulmonary  diseases  ensue  as  a  consequence. 

The  method  of  conducting  colonial  schools  appears  to 
be  based  on  our  home  system,  without  reference  to 
physical  training  or  other  local  conditions  affecting  health. 
This  fact,  together  with  the  high  rate  of  mortality,  is 
the  most  prominent  result  of  our  inquiry.  And  although 
there  is  not  sufficient  evidence  to  show  to  w^hat  extent  the 
school  education  increases  the  mortality,  there  is  strong 
reason  to  believe  that  it  is  a  cause.  By  far  the  greater 
part  of  the  mortality  is  the  direct  result  of  mitigable  or 
preventible  diseases. 

In  all  the  schools  within  or  near  the  tropics  the  mias- 
matic class  of  diseases  occasions  most  of  the  mortality  at 
the  earlier  periods  of  life.  A  considerable  proportion 
arises  from  small-pox,  showing  bad  management  of  chil- 
dren, and  that  vaccination  is  either  neglected  or  imper- 
fectly performed.  The  other  fatal  diseases  are  mamly 
those  which  in  this  country  are  connected  with  bad  drain- 
age, deficient  and  bad  water  supply,  overcrowding,  and 
want  of  sufficient  house  accommodation  and  cleanliness. 
In  the  Canadian  schools  consumption  and  scrofula  appear 
to  occupy  the  place  of  miasmatic  diseases.  But  there  is 
nothing  in  the  school  education,  as  described  in  the  re- 
turns, sufficient  to  account  for  their  special  prevalence  in 
these  schools.  The  causes  must  probably  be  looked  for 
in  the  close  foul  atmosphere  of  the  native  dwellings  in  a 
climate  where  warmth  is  more  likely  to  be  sought  by 
closing  every  opening  capable  of  admitting  fresh  air  than 
would  be  the  case  in  warmer  latitudes,  together  with  ex- 
posure and  other  conditions  depressing  to  the  general 
health. 

Although  these  returns  show  the  necessity  of  making 
systematic  physical  training  and  bodily  labour  at  useful 
occupations  an  element  absolutely  essential  and  never  to 
be  neglected  in  the  training  of  uncivilized  and  half  civi- 
lized children  in  civilized  habits  and  trains  of  thought, 
there  is  nothing  to  show  that  education  properly  conducted 
tends  to  the  destruction  and  disappearance  of  native 
tribes. 

The  general  result  may  be  summed  up  in  the  following 
words :  "  Educate  by  all  means,  but  look  carefully  at  the 
"  problem  with  which  you  have  to  deal,  and  above  all 
"  things  never  forget  that  education  everywhere,  but  more 


9 

"  especially  with  uncivilized  tribes,  must  always   include 
"  physical  training  and  useful  work." 

Besides  this  statistical  inquiry  into  the  condition  of  Colonial 
schools,  I  had  forms  prepared  for  colonial  hospitals  into  ^^^^^g*^  ^^' 
which  natives  are  received  for  treatment,  in  order  to  com- 
pare the  school  diseases  with  those  prevailing  among  the 
adult  population.  They  were  sent  to  the  colonies,  also 
by  the  great  kindness  of  the  Duke  of  Newcastle.  And 
returns  have  been  received  from  the  following  hospitals  : — 
Free  Town,  Sierra  Leone,  Cape  Coast,  Natal,  Mauritius, 
Colombo  and  Malabar,  King  William's  Town,  Kaffraria, 
and  from  two  native  hospitals  in  Canada. 

These  returns  were  applied  for  as  affording  the  only 
means  of  arriving  at  a  knowledge  of  the  prevailing  classes 
of  diseases  among  natives  and  of  the  relative  mortality 
Irom  each  class.  Abstracts  of  the  returns,  showing  the 
mortality  on  the  admissions  for  different  sexes  and  ages, 
and  the  relative  per-centages  of  mortality  from  each  disease, 
are  appended.  (Forms  I.  to  Y.)  Of  course  the  results  pp.  40  to  53 
can  be  relied  on  only  so  far  as  they  represent  the  propor- 
tions admitted  and  dead  from  each  disease,  taken  on 
numbers  often  hardly  sufficiently  large  for  statistical  pur- 
poses. On  account  of  the  smallness  of  these  numbers,  I 
consider  the  results  as  only  approximations,  which  I  give 
because  there  is  nothing  better  to  be  had.  The  tables  do 
not  enable  us  to  ascertain  directly  the  state  of  health  or 
rate  of  mortality  of  the  native  population ;  but  they  afford 
us  in  an  indirect  manner  a  considerable  amount  of  impor- 
tant information  as  to  the  diseases  from  which  natives 
suffer.  The  hospital  statistics  appear  to  be  very  much  in 
the  same  unsatisfactory  condition  as  they  are  in  many  of 
our  home  hospitals.  With  these  reservations  the  mortality 
statistics  of  these  hospitals  show  a  very  high  death  rate 
upon  the  numbers  treated. 

Thus,  in  Free  Town  Hospital,  the  mortality  to  admis-  Table  L, 
sions  among  males  is  upwards  of  20  per  cent.,  and  among  P-  41. 
females  18 '6  per  cent,  of  the  admissions.* 

At  the  Civil  Hospital,  Port  Louis,  Mauritius,  the  mor-  Table  T, 
tality  is  21'3  per  cent,  for  males,  and  38"8  per  cent.  forP-  '^^' 
females. 


*  The  admissions  are  obtained  by  adding  the  deaths  to  the  recoveries, 
in  the  absence  of  more  definite  information. 


10 


Table  V, 
p.  50. 

Table  P, 
p.  44. 

Tiible  N, 
p.  43. 

Table  X, 
p.  52. 


Table  U. 
p.  49. 


Table  W, 
p.  51. 


In  the  Ceylon  hospitals  it  is  20*7  per  cent,  for  males, 
and  18*1  per  cent,  for  females. 

At  Natal  the  mortality  is  much  lower,  being  12-8  per 
cent,  for  males  and  6'6  per  cent,  for  females. 

In  Kaffraria  the  mortality  for  males  and  females  is  21-8 
per  cent. 

In  the  Canadian  hospitals  it  is  12'3  per  cent,  for  males 
and  14  per  cent,  for  females. 

These  high  death  rates  can  be  attributed  only  to  one 
or  more  of  the  following  causes : — Defective  stamina  in 
the  population,  delay  in  applying  for  medical  relief,  bad 
and  insufficient  hospital  accommodation,  or  defectiv^e 
medical  treatment  and  management  of  the  sick.  The 
exact  influence  of  each  of  these  elements  could  hardly  be 
appreciated  without  local  inquiry.  But  the  tables  enable 
us  to  obtain  some  insight  into  the  matter. 

We  find,  e.  g.,  that  in  the  tropical  districts  the  mias- 
matic class  of  diseases  occasions  a  large  proportion  of  the 
n:iortality,  e.  g.,  at  Sierra  Leone  20  •  4  per  cent,  of  the 
total  mortality  among  males  and  6 '8  per  cent,  of  that 
among  females  is  due  to  small-pox  ;  that  34  per  cent,  of 
the  m.ortality  among  females  is  due  to  dysentery  ;  and 
that  19  per  cent,  of  the  mortality  among  males  is  due 
to  periodic  fevers.  The  mortality  from  miasmatic  disease 
in  this  hospital  is  no  less  than  43  •  9  per  cent,  of  the 
total  mortality  among  men,  and  43  •  1  per  cent,  of  the 
total  mortality  among  women. 

At  Cape  Coast  Hospital  the  admissions  from  mias- 
matic diseases,  at  least  those  recorded,  amounted  only  to 
9^  per  cent,  of  the  total  admissions,  and  no  deaths  are 
attributed  to  this  class  of  diseases.  This  is  quite  suffi- 
cient to  show  the  imperfection  of  the  hospital  records  at 
this  station. 

At  Port  Louis  Hospital,  Mauritius,  the  miasmatic 
deaths  from  dysentery,  diarrhoea,  cholera,  continued  fevers, 
and  rheumatism  amounted  to  54  •  9  per  cent,  of  the  total 
mortality  for  men,  and  47  •  9  per  cent,  of  the  total  female 
mortality. 

Dysentery  appears  to  be  particular!}^  severe  and  flital 
amongst  the  natives  in  Ceylon,  for  the  returns  show  that 
43  •  6  per  cent,  of  the  men's  mortality  and  30  *  1  per  cent, 
of  the  women's  were  due  to  this  one  disease.  The  mias- 
matic class  generally  gave  rise  in  these  hospitals  to  64  *  3 
per  cent,  of  the  total  deaths  of  men,  and  60  •  1  per  cent, 
of  those  of  women. 


11 

In  D'Urban  Hospital  and  Grey's  Hospital,  Natal,  41-1  Table  Q, 
per  cent,   of  the  men's  mortality   arose  from   continued  ^'  ^'^' 
fever,  and  6  per  cent,  from  dysentery.    Tliis  latter  disease 
occasioned  all  the  deaths  in  hospital  among  women.   These 
two  diseases   are  the  only   ones  of  the  miasmatic  class 
which  proved  fatal. 

Miasmatic  diseases  appear  to  be  rare  among  the  native  Table  O, 
patients  at  King  William's  Town,  Kaffraria.     Only  one  of  P*  '*^* 
them,  dysentery,  produced  a  fatal  result,  and  it  gave  rise 
to  no  more  than  6  per  cent,  of  the   total   deaths  of  men 
and  women  conjointly. 

The  same  diseases  appear  to  be  rare  also  in  the  Cana-  Table  Y, 
dian  hospitals,  where   they  occasioned  12*3   per  cent,  of  1^'  ^'^* 
the  men's  mortality  and  17  '  3  per  cent,  of  the  women's. 
The  prevailing  types  were  diarrhoea,  periodic  fevers,  and 
rheumatism. 

If  we  take  the  other  points  of  comparison,  supplied  by 
tubercular  diseases,  we  find  a  remarkable  difference  in  the 
proportion  of  mortality  in  different  colonies.  Thus,  the  Tuble  M. 
death  rate  from  scrofula,  phthisis,  and  hasmoptysis,  at 
Free  Town,  Sierra  Leone,  amounts  to  3  •  2  per  cent,  of  the 
total  deaths  from  all  causes  among  men,  and  2*3  per 
cent,  among  women.  In  this  hospital  other  chest  diseases 
give  rise  to  a  mortality  of  2  *  4  per  cent,  for  men. 

At  Cape  Coast  Hospital  no  deaths  are  registered  from  Table  K. 
any  class  of  tubercular  or  chest  affections. 

At  D'Urban  Hospital  and  Grey's  Hospital,  Natal,  there  Table  Q. 
was  a  similar  absence  of  mortality  from  these  diseases. 

The  Ceylon  hospitals  afforded  also  only  a  small  mor-  Table  W, 
tality,  0'7  per  cent,  for  men,  and  1*1  per  cent,  for  P- ^^• 
women.  There  was,  however,  a  mortality  of  1 '  3  per  cent, 
for  other  chest  diseases,  among  men,  and  1*7  per  cent, 
among  women.  In  striking  contrast  with  this  comparative 
exemption  from  a  class  of  diseases  to  which  the  disappear- 
ance of  the  native  races  has  been  to  a  large  extent  attri- 
buted, we  find  a  very  considerable  increase  in  the  other 
hospitals. 

At  Mauritius  the  mortality  from  scrofula,  phthisis,  and  Table  U. 
haemoptysis,   was  8  •  7  per  cent,   of  the  total    mortality 
among  men,  and   3  •  7   per  cent,  among  women.     Other 
chest  diseases  furnish  a  mortality  of  3  '  6  and  1  •  8   per 
cent,  among  men  and  women  respectively. 

At  King  William's  Town  Hospital,  Kaffraria,  the  mor-  Table  0. 
tality  from  tubercular  diseases,  for  men  and  women  con- 


12 

jointly,  was  no  less  than  70  *  6  per  cent,  of  the  total  deaths, 
and  from  chest  diseases  11  •  7  per  cent. 

Table  Y.  Both  classes  of  disease  afford  a  high  death  rate  in  the 

Canadian  hospitals.  For  the  tubercular  forms  this  amounts 
to  44  •  9  per  cent,  for  men,  and  41*3  per  cent,  for  women. 
The  other  chest  diseases  give  rise  to  30  •  6  per  cent,  of 
the  total  hospital  mortality  for  men,  and  24  •  4  per  cent, 
for  women.  Three-fourths  of  the  whole  hospital  mortality 
among  men,  and  two-thirds  among  women,  were  thus  due 
to  some  form  or  other  of  chest  disease. 

Much  has  been  said  and  written  on  the  pernicious 
effects  of  the  use  of  intoxicating  liquors  by  uncivilized 
races.  Diseases  of  the  brain  and  nervous  system,  and 
liver  diseases,  are  those  which,  at  home,  are  generally 
supposed  to  indicate  the  greater  or  less  prevalence  of 
habits  of  intoxication  among  the  people.  Let  us  inquire 
to  what  extent  admissions  and  deaths  from  these  classes 
prevail  in  the  various  colonies. 

Table  M.  At  Sierra  Leone  brain  and  nervous  diseases  occasion  5  •  7 

per  cent,  of  the  total  admissions,  and  12-7  per  cent,  of 
the  total  deaths  among  men,  and  9  *  2  per  cent,  of  the 
admissions,  with  21-6  per  cent,  of  the  deaths,  among 
women.  Liver  diseases  afford  only  0  •  1  per  cent,  of  the 
admissions,  and  no  deaths. 

Table  K.  Cape  Coast  Hospital  affords  an  extraordinary  contrast 

to  this,  for  there  we  find  that,  although  brain  and  nervous 
diseases  and  liver  diseases  occasion  no  more  than  4  '  8  per 
cent.,  and  2  •  4  per  cent.,  respectively,  of  the  admissions, 
all  the  deaths  arose  from  them. 

Table  Q.  'pj^g  Natal  hospitals   show  a  proportion  of  admissions 

from  brain  and  nervous  diseases,  of  5  *  7  per  cent,  of  men, 
and  8-3  per  cent,  of  women.  But  no  deaths  and  no 
admissions  from  liver  disease. 

Table  0.  I'he  King  William's  Town  Hospitals,   Kaffraria,  show 

no  admissions  from  either  class. 

Table  U.  At  Mauritius  the  admissions  from  brain  and  nervous 

diseases  v\  ere  3  *  5  per  cent,  for  men,  and  2  *  7  per  cent, 
for  women,  and  the  deaths  6-1  per  cent,  for  men,  and 
1  •  9  per  cent,  for  women.  Liver  disease  is  so  rare  as  to 
be  scarcely  appreciable. 

Table  ^V.  A  similar  remark  applies  to  the  infrequency  of  liver 

disease  in  the  Ceylon  hospitals.  In  these  hospitals,  the 
admissions  from  brain  and  nervous  diseases  are  1  *  6  per 
cent,  for  men,  and  3  •  2  per  cent,  for  women.  And  the 
deaths  1  •  5  per  cent,  and  3  *  1  per  cent,  respectively. 


13 

INo  liver  diseases  were  admitted  into  the  Canadian  hos-  Table  Y. 
pitals.     And  the  brain  and  nervous  diseases  afforded  6  •  5 
per  cent,  admissions,  and  2  per  cent,  deaths  for  men,  with 
5  •  2  per  cent,  admissions  and  no  deaths  for  women. 

These  are  the  statistical  results  of  this  inquiry.  To  Results, 
the  extent  to  which  the  data  are  imperfect,  the  results  are 
of  course  unreliable.  The  numbers  are  often  much 
smaller  than  are  required  for  such  purposes.  I  have  used 
them  because  the  best  obtainable,  even  wnth  the  assistance 
of  the  colonial  governments ;  and  the  first  lesson  they 
teach  is  the  necessity  for  assimilating  the  colonial  regis- 
tration and  vital  statistics  to  those  at  home.  But,  with 
all  their  defects,  when  these  statistics  are  examined,  they 
bring  clearly  into  light  certain  great  general  facts. 

As  regards  the  schools,  they  show  us  that  the  educa- 
tional idea  in  the  colonies  is  just  as  deficient  as  it  is  at 
home,  and  that  it  is  attended  with  worse  physical  conse,- 
quences. 

No  account  appears  to  be  taken  of  the  past  history  of 
the  races  on  w^hom  it  is  desired  to  confer  the  inestimable 
blessings  of  Christian  civilization.  Our  teachers  go  among 
them  just  as  they  would  into  English  villages.  They 
collect  the  children  who,  together  with  their  ancestors, 
have  spent  most  of  their  existence  in  active  out-door 
habits,  into  all  classes  of  structures,  good,  bad,  and  in- 
different, apparently  without  regard  to  the  effect  of  local 
conditions  on  their  health.  In  all  probability  the  children 
are  set  together  as  close  as  they  are  placed  in  one  of  our 
Home  "  Model  Schools,'*  without  any  reference  to  children's 
epidemics  or  other  fevers.  This  is  not  done  without  great 
risk,  even  with  children  of  English  birth.  But  to  do  this 
with  children  taken  from  their  open  air  habits  in  uncivi- 
lized or  semi-civilized  communities  is  to  incur  the  imme- 
diate danger  of  losing  the  most  hopeful  pupils  by  diseases, 
which,  under  a  more  rational  system,  might  in  all  proba- 
bility be  avoided. 

The  education  appears  to  be  confined  simply  to  head- 
work,  and  no  provision  is  made  for  sustaining  the  health 
by  physical  training,  while  it  is  in  danger  of  exhaustion 
by  a  cerebral  stimulus,  perhaps  applied  for  the  first  time 
in  the  history  of  the  family  from  which  the  child  has 
sprung.  It  is  true  that  cerebral  disease  forms  only  a 
small  part  of  the  school  mortality ;  but  the  diseases  from 
which  the  mortality  proceeds  in  the  tropical  schools  are 


14 

the  result  of  overcrowding,  defective  ventilation,  and  other 
local  sanitary  evils,  all  of  which  are  augmented  by  sedentary 
occupation. 

The  remedy  for  this  is  obviously  to  improve  the  school- 
houses,  to  give  more  attention  to  space,  to  ventilation, 
and  to  the  locality  where  the  school  is  placed,  and  abvive 
all  to  make  physical  training  an  essential  and  important 
part  of  the  school  system,  never  forgetting  that  the  habits 
of  generations  cannot  be  suddenly  broken  through  without 
danger  to  health  and  life. 

In  as  far  as  concerns  the  effect  of  the  schools  on  the 
disappearance  of  native  races,  the  returns  contain  no  ap- 
preciable evidence.  Education,  if  properly  conducted, 
together  with  the  improved  personal  physical,  and  moral 
habits  consequent  on  it,  ought  everywhere  to  be  conser- 
vative and  not  destructive ;  but  to  be  so  it  should  be 
conducted,  as  already  stated,  with  a  full  knowledge  of  the 
physiological  effects  of  altered  habits  and  the  influence  of 
these  on  health. 

The  hospital  returns,  so  far  as  they  can  be  relied  on, 
show  in  the  tropical  colonies  a  large  mortality  from  diseases 
arising  from  bad  drainage,  bad  water,  imperfect  agricul- 
ture, want  of  cleanliness,  and  from  other  bad  habits.  Bad, 
overcrowded,  unventilated  dwellings  must  also  in  these 
colonies,  as  at  home,  bear  their  proportion  of  the  blame. 
Thus  mortality  arising  from  mitigable  or  preventible 
causes  of  an  external  nature  occasions  in  all  the  colonies 
by  far  the  greatest  part  of  the  death  rate  in  hospitals. 
Incivilization  with  its  inherent  diseases,  when  brought  into 
contact  with  civihzation  without  adopting  specific  pre- 
cautions for  preserving  health,  will  always  carry  with  it  a 
large  increase  of  mortality  on  account  of  the  greater  sus- 
ceptibility of  its  subjects  to  those  causes  of  disease  which 
oan  to  a  certain  extent  be  endured  without  as  great  a  risk 
oy  civilized  communities  born  among  them. 

The  hospital  returns  throw  little  light  on  the  causes 
of  the  disappearance  of  native  races,  unless  these  are  to  be 
found  in  the  great  prevalence  of  tubercular  and  chest 
diseases  in  certain  of  the  colonies.  This  is  especially 
remarkable  in  the  returns  from  Australia,  Kaffraria,  and 
Canada.  But  why  this  class  of  affections  should  be  so 
much  more  prevalent  in  the  temperate  than  in  the  tropical 
colonies  could  only  be  ascertained  by  careful  local  inquiry. 
One  thing  is  certain  that,  in  those  colonies  from  which 
complaints  of  the  disappearance  of  native  races  have  come, 


15 

tubercular  and  chest  diseases  appear  to  occasion  the  largest 
amount  of  hospital  mortality. 

The  discovery  of  the  causes  of  this  must  be  referred  back 
to  the  colonies.  Anythimjf  which  exhausts  the  constitu- 
tion ;  above  all  things,  foul  air  during  sleep,  will  engender 
these  diseases.  Open  locality,  healthy  winds,  active  daily 
occupation,  are  by  themselves  no  safeguards,  if  the  nights 
be  spent  in  unventilated  cabins.  The  Alpine  climates  of 
Europe  are  known  to  be  the  most  free  of  any  climates 
from  this  tribe  of  diseases.  But  even  on  their  healthy 
mountain  slopes  scrofula  in  all  its  forms  prevails  among 
the  peasants,  engaged  during  summer  on  the  high  pastures, 
when  they  pass  their  nights  in  the  close  unhealthy  chalets 
there. 

It  is  possible  that  a  tubercular  taint  so  engendered  may 
be  the  cause  of  the  whole  evil,  and  it  is  to  this  point  that 
the  inquiry  has  brought  us. 

Appended  to  the  school  and  hospital  returns  from  each 
colony,  there  are  very  interesting  notes,  giving  generally 
the  impression  of  the  reporters  on  the  nature  and  causes 
of  disease  among  the  aboriginal  population.  These  notes, 
the  chief  portions  of  which  I  have  appended,  confirm  the 
statistical  evidence  ;  but  they  afford  little  additional  light 
on  the  causation. 

The  decaying  races  are  chiefly  in  Australia,  New  Zea- 
land, Canada,  and  perhaps  in  certain  parts  of  South  Africa. 
They  appear  fo  consist  chiefly  of  tribes  w^hich  have  never 
been  civilized  enough  or  had  ibrce  of  character  enough  to 
form  fixed  settlements  or  to  build  towns.  Such  tribes 
have  few  fixed  habits  or  none.  But  the  papers  show  that 
they  are  naturally,  in  their  unciviHzed  condition,  possessed 
of  far  stronger  stamina,  and  that  they  resist  the  effects  of 
frightful  wounds  and  injuries  far  better  than  civilized  men. 
This  latter  fact  tells  strongly  against  any  natural  pro- 
clivity to  diseased  action.  But  w^e  nevertheless  see  that 
when  they  come  in  contact  with  civilized  men,  and  are, 
as  a  necessary  consequence,  obhged  to  conform  themselves 
to  a  certain  extent  to  the  vices  and  customs  of  their 
civilized  (!)  neighbours,  they  perish  from  disease. 

The  evidence  contained  in  these  notes  unfortunately  Appendix 
proves  that  the  pioneers  of  British  civilization   are  not  ^^>  PP-  ^2- 
always  the  best  of  the  British  people.     Many  of  them,  it  ^' 
is  to  be  feared,  leave  their  own  country,  stained  with  vice 
and  vicious  habits,  ready  for  any  act  of  oppression,  ready 


16 

to  take  any  advantage  of  the  simplicity  of  the  poor  abo- 
rigines. Such  people  have  introduced  everywhere  the 
use  of  intoxicating  drinks,  together  with  the  diseases  as 
well  as  the  vices  of  their  own  depraved  standard  of  civi- 
lization. Where  the  races  are  found  most  rapidly  decay- 
ing, there  the  married  women  are  found  living  in  a  state 
of  prostitution  and  exposed  to  its  diseases.  And  we 
know  where  such  is  the  case,  decline  and  extinction  are 
inevitable. 

This  appears  to  be  a  main  cause  of  the  falling  off  in 
births ;  while  the  other  evil  habits  introduced  by  Euro- 
peans destroy  the  stamina  of  the  adult  population  and 
raise  its  rate  of  mortality.  With  the  facts  before  us,  im- 
perfect as  they  are,  we  need  feel  no  surprise  at  the  gradual 
extinction  of  these  unhappy  races.  But  we  should  draw 
from  them  an  argument  for  doing  all  that  can  be  done  to 
lessen  these  evils,  and  to  remove,  as  far  as  practicable, 
any  causes  of  disease  and  death  which  it  may  be  in  our 
power  to  remove. 

Complaint  of  such  things,  in  some  form  or  other,  runs 
through  the  whole  of  the  evidence  regarding  these  abori- 
ginal populations,  who  appear  to  be  far  more  susceptible 
of  the  operation  of  causes  of  disease  arising  out  of  imper- 
fect civilization,  than  are  civilized*  men  ;  how  much  more 
so  must  they  be  to  such  dreadful  causes  as  those  indicated 
above ! 

There  is  a  strong  presumption  that,  if  aboriginal  races 
are  left  undisturbed  in  their  own  country  .to  follow  their 
own  customs  and  even  their  own  vices,  they  will  continue 
to  exist  as  they  have  hitherto  done,  in  a  slowly  increasing 
or  stationary  condition.  But  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt 
the  evidence  contained  in  these  papers  that  certain  races 
require  very  little  disturbance  in  their  primeval  habits  to 
pass  into  a  state  of  decline. 

The  great  question  at  issue  is,  how  this  is  to  be  arrested. 

The  facts  appear  to  point  to  such  remedial  measures 
as  the  following  : — 

1.  That  provision  of  land  should  be  made  for  the  ex- 
clusive use  of  the  existing  tribes  ;  but  this,  by  itself, 
would  be  simply  preserving  their  barbarism  for  the  sake  of 
preserving  their  lives.  And  the  question  naturally  occurs 
whether  ]\Ioravian  settlements  or  settlements  conducted 
on  entirely   similar  principles,  under  whatever  Christian 


*  Meaning  by  "civilized,"  men  who  can  live  together  in  a  city  or 
village  without  cittting  each  other's  throats. 


17 

denomination,  might  not  be  introduced  for  the  purpose  of 
wisely  and  gradually  winning  the  people  to  higher  and 
better  habits. 

2.  A  good  government  which  really  understood  its  re- 
sponsibilities would  put  down  with  any  force  requisite  that 
most  accursed  of  all  British  habits,  the  sale  of  intoxicating 
drinks  to  those  who  never  knew  them  before.  On  the 
heads  of  these  traffickers  rests  the  blood  of  thousands  of 
their  fellow  men. 

3.  Although  a  large  proportion  of  children  have  died 
while  under  school  instruction,  there  is  no  proof  that  edu- 
cation, if  properly  conducted,  tends  to  extinguish  races. 
And  it  is  possible  that  by  educating  outcast  native  chil- 
dren, these  tribes,  with  whatever  mental  constitution  en- 
dowed, may  be  spared  to  contribute  their  quota  to  human 
knowledge  and  advancement. 

4.  The  school  diseases,  however,  indicate  that  education 
should  be  conducted  in  a  very  different  manner  from  what 
it  is  in  England.  Physiology  would  teach  us  that  it  is 
not  safe  to  take  the  child  of  uncivihzed  parents,  and  to 
submit  it  all  at  once  to  the  restraints  of  civilization.  What 
is  wanted  is  a  careful  study  of  what  can  and  what  cannot 
be  done  with  safety.  Time  would  seem  to  be  a  great 
clement  in  the  education  of  these  children.  There  should 
be  as  little  interference  as  possible  with  their  born  habits 
and  customs.  And  that  interference  should  take  place 
gradually  and  wisely.  The  probability  is  that  if  children 
could  leave  school  in  health,  with  sufficient  training  to 
enable  them  to  enter  the  pale  of  civilization,  their  children 
would  be  the  more  able  to  bear  the  required  development 
of  the  mental  faculties.  In  any  case,  physical  training, 
and  a  large  amount  of  out-door  work,  are  essentially 
necessary  to  success. 

5.  We  all  know  how  difficult  it  is  to  preserve  health 
among  dense  populations  in  our  houses  at  home.  We  may 
hence  infer  how  much  more  difficult  it  is  to  draw  together 
numbers  of  uncivilized  or  partially  civihzed  people,  within 
the  same  boundary,  or  under  the  same  roofj  without  great 
risk  to  health  and  life.  Bring  a  healthy  family  from  the 
open  country  into  a  narrow  crowded  London  alley,  and 
the  little  ones  will  die,  the  elder  ones  will  be  sick  for, 
perhaps,  the  first  time  of  their  lives,  and  the  parents  will 
fall  into  confirmed  ill  health,  to  say  the  least  of  it. 

Our  home  experience  hence  teaches  us  the  extreme 
importance  of  favourable  sanitary  conditions,  whenever  an 


18 

attempt  is  made  to  bring  the  uncivilized  within  the  pale  of 
civilization. 

Every  society  which  has  been  formed  has  had  to  sacrifice 
large  proportions  of  its  earher  generations  to  the  new  con- 
ditions of  life  arising  out  of  the  mere  fact  of  change.  Only 
by  the  greatest  care  and  by  the  adoption  of  every  requisite 
improvement  can  London  itself  bear  the  rapid  increase  of 
its  population  without  danger  from  pestilence. 

This  destroying  principle  is  now  at  work  in  the  colonies 
where  races  are  decaying.  And  its  results  can  only  be 
diminished  by  assimilating  the  new  conditions,  involved  in 
the  change,  as  nearly  as  possible,  so  far  as  healthiness  is 
concerned,  to  the  open  air  activity  to  which  the  people 
have  been  for  generations  accustomed. 

These  are  the  results  of  this  inquiry.  Defective  in  many 
particulars  though  they  be,  they  are  still  sufficient  to  prove 
that,  on  the  local  authorities  of  the  colonies,  there  rests  a 
responsibility  in  the  face  of  public  opinion  in  Europe,  of 
the  very  gravest  kind.  It  is  a  matter  for  state  interference. 
It  is  impossible  to  stand  by,  while  races  are  disappearing, 
of  whom  it  can  be  said  that  the  "  Australian  is  the  finest 
"  model  of  the  human  proportions  in  muscular  develop- 
"  ment,"  that  his  "  head  might  compare  with  an  antique 
"  bust  of  a  philosopher,"  that  his  "  perceptive  facultie& 
'*  are  peculiarly  acute,"  that  he  is  an  "apt  learner,"  and 
"  possesses  the  most  intense  desire  to  imitate  his  more 
"  civilized  brethren  in  almost  every  thing;"  that  the 
Australian  aborigines  are  "  possessed  of  mental  power  on  • 
"  a  par  with  their  brethren  of  the  other  races  of  man  ; 
*'  that  they  are  perhaps  superior  to  the  Negro  and  some 
'*  of  the  more  inferior  divisions  of  the  great  human 
"  family;"  that  they  have  "  keen  perceptive  faculties,  with 
"  a  considerable  deficiency  in  their  reflective  faculties,  and 
"  a  certain  want  of  steadiness  of  purpose  in  their  characters 
"  which  appears  the  great  obstacle  to  be  overcome  in 
"  reclaiming  them  and  bringing  them  within  the  pale  of 
"  civilization  and  Christianity." 

These  statements  are  from  a  report  on  the  subject, 
made  by  a  select  committee  of  the  Legislative  Council  of 
Victoria  in  1858-9.  In  this  report  occurs  the  following 
passage,  with  which  I  conckide  on  account  of  its  authority, 
appealing  from  its  facts  to  the  better  feeling  of  the  colonies, 
with  the  hope  that  the  time  is  not  far  off  when  such  a 
stigma  as  it  affixes  to  the  empire  may  be  wiped  away. 

*'  The  great  and  almost  unprecedented  reduction  in  the 


19 

number  ot  the  Aborigines  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  general 
occupation  of  the  country  by  the  white  population  ;  to 
vices  acquired  by  contact  with  a  civilized  race,  more  par- 
ticularly the  indulgence  in  ardent  spirits  ;  and  hunger,  in 
consequence  of  the  scarcity  of  game  since  the  settlement 
of  the  colony  ;  and,  also  in  some  cases,  to  cruelty  and  ill- 
treatment.  The  great  cause,  however,  is  apparently  the 
inveterate  propensity  of  the  race  to  excessive  indulgence 
in  spirits,  which  it  seems  utterly  impossible  to  eradicate. 
This  vice  is  not  only  fatal,  but  leads  to  other  causes  which 
tend  to  shorten  life. 

"  Mr.  Thomas,  the  guardian  of  Aborigines,  states  in 
evidence,  that  one  morning  he  found  five  drunken  blacks 
lying  buried  in  the  mud  at  the  Merri  Creek,  which  being 
followed  by  pulmonary  attack,  death,  as  is  invariably  the 
case,  ensued.  It  may  be  remarked,  that  consumption 
foi-ms  a  fruitful  cause  of  mortality  amongst  them,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  other  causes  enumerated. 

"  It  would  appear  that  they  have  materially  degenerated 
since  the  advent  of  the  whites,  as  Mr.  Thomas  has  said 
'  the  young  die  two  to  one  in  proportion  to  the  old ;  I 
*  have  some  old  people  yet.'  The  rapid  settlement  neces- 
sary upon  the  country  being  occupied  by  flocks  and  herds 
was  more  unfavourable  to  the  Aborigines  than  if  it  had 
only  been  gradually  taken  up  for  agricultural  purposes. 

*'  Your  Committee  are  of  opinion  that  great  injustice  has 
been  perpetrated  upon  the  Aborigines — that,  when  the 
Government  of  the  colony  found  it  necessary  to  take  from 
them  their  hunting  grounds  and  their  means  of  living, 
proper  provision  should  have  been  made  for  them.  Had 
they  been  a  strong  race,  like  the  New  Zealanders,  they 
would  have  forced  the  new  occupiers  of  their  country  to 
provide  for  them ;  but  being  weak  and  ignorant,  even  for 
savages,  they  have  been  treated  with  almost  utter  neglect. 

"  With  the  exception  of  the  Protectorate,  which  was 
an  emanation  of  the  Imperial  Government,  and  which 
seemed  to  have  been  only  partially  successful,  little  or 
nothing  has  been  done  for  the  black  denizens  of  the 
country." 

Every  colony  where  the  native  races  are  declining  could 
furnish  some  such  report  as  this.  The  injustice  has  been  a 
common  one,  and  so  should  be  the  remedy. 


20 


No.  of 
Years 

in 
Roturn. 

5  year.s. 

1  year. 
If  years. 

1|  years. 

2  years. 
2  years. 
1|  years. 
IJ  years. 
2  years. 
If  years. 
2  years. 
5  years. 

8  years. 
3i  years. 
0  years. 

1 

•Jtjai  XioAa 
otnoH    f)B    oip 
01  looqos  o.\TJOi 

0llA\U3jp(Ill0J0 

aaqiim^i  oauJOAV 

Pm" 

l^«l«^ol«^«^^l  j§||       1  M  1  1  II 

^: 

l«^  l^«« l^«««« 1 

S5 

1   I   1 

1 

.IBdX              Aj3A9 

looi|og   SuiABai 
uaipiuio    "    .JO 
aaqmn^iaaBaaAv 

p^j 

lt,«  i^co«  !««««  1    1 

all    »,,1.|| 

g 

^t,^  1  «■■='- 1  «»^==«  1  1 

g 

1    1   1 

1 

1 

5| 

^    j                      |«^|^|C|«^.HW^|          g||            «|      1      |«|| 

^1                    «^J2-«0    1   l>!.10000C0t;^=0O     Ul    II            0|r-(jl>|| 

IN 

p:^                           1      1      1      1      1      I      1      1      M      M^     1      L||               1      1      1      1      1     II 

i 

S     J                      1      1      1      1      1      1      1      1      1      1      1      1    «    1          ^1   II              1      1    .^    j    ^ 

1 

B 

p=;[       i-^^i^M  1  i-^i'=i  1  |s||    ^1  1  hll  1 

H 

g     1                      IrH^^rH     l«^     U    lo     I      1          «||               III 

'II 

8^ 

-2  i 

fiJ  !          1  |«  |«  |«  \^^^^^  1  1  |s||       1  M      1  II 

B            1  Ul«l«U,,,^cwl     o||       i  1  !      Ijl 

2 

a 

1^ 

p^   1               |.HO,  |o  |0  |o«  1^  1    1    |r;||        ^  1    1    j-^ll 

-•                  Ic.lolcc^o^.,.-.!    I       ^11         .=  1    1 

HI 

^ 

if 

11 

II 

•5 

1 
5 

p^-|          IS^^gi?I^2§^SSSI 

i 

1  ^iH^II  1 

H 

S 

|S§|S32|3SSS«| 

g 

-ill 

HI' 

§ 
^ 

IN 
SIS 

^ 

1  1  1  1  1  1 '^'^  11  3  1  1  1 

s|!    II- 

1 

^ 

Ills  i*^"'  1  IS  1"  1    §11     1^1 

"II 

O 

< 
1 

31 

0>H 

Pm 

l«2SS*^SSSgS^I  llll       1  J"' 

"II 

S 

13S3S?§§SSSS^1 

^11   i^^i 

-II 

Si 

p^ 

i-*s^^^^sssssasii  llll    ^11 

H 

S 

I^SSSSSSiSSS^I  ||||      isi  js|| 

|fS 

^ 

l§3ISg^S§l3l3S^I  llll      «l  1  1" 

1 

s 

ISSISg^g5?2g5r;;S^|  J2||      =■■'=1     S 

1 

ijli 

oog      o      oggooogo       .             ggo       . 

00X00        00         «^«2g»2S                               000000 

•3uuiado  JO  a:}Ba 

lliilliiililil  '    ill  ' 

1    1 

« ^ . . .  . 

irkLMiiiiii 
^2,i!iiiiiiiiiirii?i^ 

21 


No.  of 
Years 

in 
Return. 

2  years. 

2  years. 
4J  years. 
4f  years. 
H  years. 
2  years. 

4  years. 

5  years. 
If  years. 
If  years. 

5  years. 

1 

3f  years. 
5  years. 
4f  years. 
4f  years. 

5  years. 
5  years. 

4f  years. 
4^  years. 

5  years. 

If  years. 

Mnajt  AaaAa 
araojj    IB    aip 
01  looq.is  aABai 
oqAUMjpnqojo 
jaquin^"^  aJ^BaaAy 

f^ 

1          1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     Ic^       ^11                I     1     1     1         i     1          II          1          1 

s 

1    1 1 1  1  1  1  1  1  1^ 

- 

11^1     -^  1      II     -^^      1 

•qil^aq-ni  moaj 
1V9X.         A'aoAO 
looqog    SuiATiai 
uaapiufo        JO 
jaqmn>i  aSBjaAy 

^ 

1     1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  u 

00     1                   1      1     II           11           II           I           i 

s 

1    11^111111"" 

» 

-l-S    -1      l|    -    1 

_            _.                                                     00                     "^   _   . 

1 

1 
1 

1 

=i 

^ 

1      1  1  1^  i  I'"  I"*'  I'-            1  1  1  1      II      II      1      1 

s|          1      1  N"!-^-  1="- 1=^11        *'^-'-'    ==''    "'^    »^     1 

III 

^1          1      1  1  11  1  II  1  11      1   1         1  1  1  1      II      II      1      1 

S 

1        1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1         1                   1  wco^      «  1       c.^      cc,       1 

^\         1      1  1  1  1  1  1  11^  1  l^ll         II  11      M      11      1      1       1 

S 

1    1  1  1  1  1  1^  1^  1  j».ll      «,^^^  ^1    1^1    1 

f^l          1      1  1  1  1  1^1  l^^^l^  1         11  1  1      II      II      1      1        1 

g            1      1  1  U  1  1  1  1  1  ^ 

CO     1                   1      1      1      1           U,        r.    1           1           1 

il 

f^\         1      111^11^1-^11"            1  1  1  1      II      II      1      1 

^                             1             1       1       1    .H     1       1       1       1    »     1           CO      1                       1       1       1       1             11              11              1              1 

1  ^ 

gi 

if 

^   to 

11 

> 

1 

3 

^  1       s  sss=^'-''|gss|  III       1  1  1  1    II     II    1     1 

^        ^  §-^5S3|!;5S§j^ 

s 

S^^i  H  -  -  - 

IN 

f^l               «       «^|     1     1     |0|C.O 

is||       '  '  '  '    '  '    '  '    '    ' 

s 

CO      eg   1  .D  ,    1    1     1    1  .,TO 

S  1         §S^^    §§    S3S    -    '^ 

fe        "    i^'-i  1  ui'-^slgll       II  1  1    1  1    II    1    1      1 

g|         ^1  1§I'»IS«'='§ 

§8||         g°^S|    §g    §53    S    § 

^  1             oo      »^«oo|ot^og  lill              1    1    1    1        11        II         1        1 

^1              ^      ^^j^ooogooooo      III             «««»      ^S      S§      '^      12 

li 

^\          1     ^1  |~|  ISl^gjNjj         1  1  1  1      II      II      1      1 

^ 

1         «    1      |-*=0    |0    |00O 

^11          1  1  1  1      1  1      1  1      1      1 

Years 
included 

in  the 
Return. 

860 

859 
860 
860 
860 
860 
860 
860 
860 
800 
I860 

860 
860 
I860 
1860 

1859 
1859 

1800 
1860 

1860 

1860 

858  to 

857  to  ] 
856  to  ] 
856  to  1 
856  to 

858  to  ] 
856  to 
855  to 

1859  to 
1859  to 
1855  to 

1857  to 

1855  to 

1856  to 
1856  to 

1855  to 

1855  to 

1856  to 
1856  to 

1855  to 

1859  to 

r-.         r^  rr--  r^  r^  r^  r-n 

•Sumodo  JO  ai'Ba 

858 

857 
856 
856 
856 
858 
845 
849 
859 
848 
LS48 

836 
1849 
1844 
1835 

1839 

1836 
1835 

1843 

1859 

1                  1-1        r^  r->  r^  r^  ■-■  i-^  ■-- r^  ■-' ■-- 

1 

■^                            1 

%  1 
11 

Natal. 
Day  and  Industrial,  Eden- 
dale. 
New  Germany 
St.  Michael's 
Ekukanyoni 
Ifumi  Station,  S.    - 
Spring  Vale 
Umvoti 
Kwangvibeni 
Verulaia  (Wesleyan) 
Tndaleni 
Pietermaritzburg  - 

Ceylon. 
Colombo  academy  - 
Galle  central  school 
Kandy  central  school 
Colombo   Pettah  English 

school. 
Grand  Pass  English  school 
Ncgombo        Government 

boys'  school. 
English  school,  Caltura    - 
Pantura     boys'     English 

school. 
Matura   Government  ele- 
mentary school. 
English  Kornegallo 

22 


d  s  .s  5 


gg£ 


III 

o  a.  o 


o)       a;  0;  c;  cj  o 


amoH  IB  aip 
01  poqag  8A^t)[ 
oqAvnajpiiqojo 
aaqnmjij  aSuaaAy 


I      I  I  M  I  I  I     »  I 


I  I  I 


l«  I  I 


I  I  I 


I  I  I 


•qi(Baq-in  raojj 

JTJ8i  j£jaA8 

looqog  3niA'B3[ 
wajpiRO  '  JO 
jaqnm^  aSBaaAy 


I       I 


I    I    I 


mi 


I  I  I 


I    I 


I    I 


1^  I 


I  i 


I    I 


I  I  I 


2  I 


l«  , 


I  I  I 


1      I 


^1 


l«  I 


u. 


I    I 


I  I  I 


1 1 1 


I  I  I 


I    I 


1^  I 


5i 


±1 


I  I  I 


l*^  I  I 


I  I  I 


I     I 


l-l 


I  I 


^1 


1-1      cD*q « 


St 


I    I 


I  I  I 


I  I  I  I 


I  I  I 


I    I 


I  I  I 


I  I  I 


I    I 


I  I  I 


I  i  I 


I  I  I 


I    I 


1    1 


I  I  I 


I    I 


1^" 


I         I 


I     I     I 


1^1    I 


^111 


I         I 


SSJ 


s  §  §ss« 


I    i 


I  I 


« 1  I 


I  I  I 


I    I 


!>.  CD  lO  r-t  CC  »0 


1^1 


-.t     I    ^ 


I    I 


I  I  I 


I  ll 


121  I 


I      I 


:i  is^ss 


Bt 


I    I    i 


§  I    I 


I    I    I 


I         I 


^1 


r-i      iO'Neqt~OT'ai 


I"  IS 


I     ^ 


1^  I    I 


I    I    I 


I         I 


I    I    I 


I    I    I    I    II         III 


I    I    I 


2  "§   ®  £ 
g  5  -  5 


%%%%%%% 

ill 

iiiiii 

ilii 

1 

%%%%% 

1856  to  1 
1859  to  1 
1859  to  1 

1857  to 
1859  to 
1855  to  ] 
1857  to 

III 

1855  to  1 
1857  to 

1856  to 
1856  to  1 
1856  to 
1856  to 

2225 

2 

1856  to! 

1857  to 
1855  to 
1859  to  ] 

1858  to] 

•Sniuado  jo  ai^cE 


00         00     I    00  00     I 


I    I 


I  ill II 


:i.i  V 


||||.|J||li|f|||l|lll_" 

"^  '^  o  "i;  =*  S---  c'-''  c  0=  cs-^  o.-  o  o  c-Si  ■ 


«  »  =  o 
C  "  ^  si's  * 


^  -31 

s  ^     is 


o  u  «=  .ti  « r-  ti 


23 


No.  of 

Years 

in 
Return. 

£g^.-.-2   ctiittt   tttt   t   tut   tUtttt  i 
tttttt   ttttttt   t%%t   %   ttt   ttttttt  ; 

•JB9Jt  A'.19A9 

9tnoH    IB     9!p 

01    lOOqOS  9AB91 

oqAiuajpiiqOJO 
Jaqmn^t  a:^j9AY 

fi 

MINI      1  1  1  1  1  1  1      1  1  1  1      1      III      1  1  11  1  II 

s 

|«     1      1      1      1            1      I      1      1      1      |«        «rH.H    1            1            1      1      1          ^«    1      ,«    |« 

•qiIB9q-in  raojj 
JBa^          j?a9A9 
lOoqos    SuiABai 
uaapiiqo        JO 
jaqran>i9gBa9AV 

Pm 

1      1      1      1      11            1      1      1      1^    1      1            III!            1            III            II      1      M      II 

^ 

m  I'^i    II  i-«^-g  -111    1   »'«-  «i-i  1  IS 

1 

==P 

»: 

1  1  1  1  1  1      1  1  1  1  1  1!      1  1  1  1      1      111      1  1  1  1  1  1  1 

^^ 

s 

^«|M|rH           |W|«||^        COW«    1          CO        ^3    1          ^C0|^<«|O 

U4 

f^ 

1      1      1      II      1            1      1      1      1      1      1      1             1      1      1      1            1             111             1      1      1      1      1      II 

^ 

lllll^           llllll«^lll             1            1^1            l^lllll 

fi 

MINI      II  1  1  1  1  1      1  1  1  1      1      111      1  1  1  1  1  1  1 

S 

lll^ll         Irnl^lU      ^l»,l       ^        It^l         1IIoc,hI.. 

Pm 

1      1      1      1      1      1             1      1      1      1      1      1      1            1      11      1            1            III             1      11      1      1      1      1 

S 

^«     1      1      1      1            1      1      1    W    1      ItO        ^.HCO     1          «        ^tol          rH«    1      1      1      U 

ii 

^ 

1     1     M     1     1           1     1     1    J     1     1     1           1     1     11          1          III           M     1     1     1     1     1 

S 

1      11      1      1      1             1      1      1      1      1      II            1      1      1      1            1            III             1      1      l<N^    1      1 

h 

ii 
If 

St 
is 

< 

1 

Pm 

Mill"     llll'^ll      MM      1      Ml      11111*1 

g 

SSSggS^  §?B2§gS|    ^SSS    %    l§g^    SSSS^SS 

III 

P=; 

II  II  M      II  II  II  1      II  1  1      1      Ml      II  II  II  1 

g 

oeOf-ieQtgoj      -*  ^  r^  jH  »i  rn  o      ^  ]  os   |       i:~      OQ  ^  lO      rH  t- to  eg  oo  O  lO 

ii 

P^ 

Mill-     llll-ll      IMI      1      III      Mill"! 

g 

'^S^S^S      ^^t^ototog      «too^      ;2      oo«g      gotocooog 

II 

f^ 

Mill''     MM"I1      MM      1      Ml      lllim 

S 

r-1 

1^ 

tiJ 

M  11  II      11  1  l-l  1      Mil      1      III      II  M  1- 1 

a 

lllll«     I«loc=.|o5     MM      1      Icol      UIIISI 

Years 
included 

in  the 
Return. 

1858  to  1860 

1859  to  1860 
1860 

1859  to  1860 
1859  to  1860 

1857  to  1860 

1859  to  1860 

1858  to  1860 

1859  to  1860 

1855  to  1859 

1856  to  1860 
18.57  to  1860 
1855  to  1859 

1855  to  1859 

1858  to  1860 
1852  to  1857 

1855  to  1860 

1859  to  1860 

1858  to  1860 
1860 

1859  to  1860 

1858  to  1860 

1856  to  1860 
1860 

1856  to  1860 
1852  to  1860 
1856  to  1860 
1856  to  1860 

•gumado  jo  ai^a 

1859 
1859 
1859 
1859 

18.36 

1859 
1854 
1848 
1838 
1847 

1838 
1858 
1847 
1847 

1856 

1856 
1856 

1848 

1854 
1847 
1850 
1847 
1852 
1856 
1851 

^ 

Ceylon— coMif. 
Kadugannawa 
Harispattoo  mixed  school 
Ambagamuwa  mixed  school 
Medemahanuwera 
Mixed  school.  Odoonuwera 
Newera       Ellia,      mixed 

school. 
Mixed,  Badulla      - 
Matelle  mixed  school 
Odetenne,  in  Matelle 
Madam  pe  mixed  school    - 
Mixed  school,  Putlam 
Mixed  school,  Calpentyn  - 
Mullativoe      Government 

mixed  school. 
Mixed,  Manaar       - 
Mixed,  Anuradhapoora     - 
Mattacooly- 
Wattelle  vernacular  boys' 

school. 
Pamanugama   vernacular 

boys  school. 
Mahawatta  - 
Mahare 
Kohillewatte    vernacular 

school. 
Kottawa  vernacular,  boys 
Slave  Island  boys  school  - 
Milagria       - 
Dehiwella    - 

Attidiya  vernacular  school 
Weligampittia 
Dandogame 

24 


No.  of 
Years 

in 
Return. 

5i  years. 

1  year. 
4i  years. 
34  years. 

2i  years. 

If  years. 

1  year. 
3  years. 
3  years. 

2  years. 

5  years. 

3  years. 
a  years. 

IJ  years. 

41  years. 

1  year. 

6  years. 

i  year. 
i  year. 

2  years, 
fyear. 
5  years. 

3  years. 

•je9X  .Cl9A9 

9tnoH    1«     aiP 

0}   lOOqOS    9AB91 

oqAvuajpnqOJO 

J9lininK9SBJ9AV 

^ 

1  II  II      1     1      1      1      II      II      li      Ml      1  M  1  M 

s 

1    ,    |«,         ,         1         ,         1        ^.«        ,1         1^        II,         1    1^1  woo 

JB9i              XI9A9 

looqog    SaiAuai 
uajpnqo         JO 
jaqran>i  ggwaAy 

p^ 

MM''     1      1      1     ^     M      M      M      Ml      1  1  II  1  1 

s 

l«Nt0»          1           1         <N        O        0-*        Ota          II           III           |||eSC5| 

1 

'1 

- 

Mill      1      1      1     ^     M      M      II      11  1      II  1  11  1 

s 

r^«|»lrH         ■*           1             1          ^         «00         gl3        COlH           ||«          ll'^l'^l 

III 

- 

11      II      1             1            1             1            1            11            II            II             Ml             11      M      II 

g           Ic  1  1  1      1      1      1      1     '""    ^  1     "■"     1  1  1      M  1  1  1  I 

si 

0|H 

P^l        M  1  M      1      1      1     ^     1  1      M      1  1      M  1      M  1  1  1  1 

g|        Ull^=^     1      1     '-'-««'=     II      11^     ll^^l-"! 

Si 

.3?-l 

^1         1  M  1  i      1      1      1      1      II      II      II      Ml      1  1  1  1  II 

g|       ^toUl     =^     1      1     «    --«    ^1      II      II-     MINI 

f^l        1  II  !  1      '      1      1      1      M      M      M      Ml      M  II  1  1 

g           M  II  1      1      1      1      1     '^l      1  1      II      1  1-     1  II  1  II 

Average  Number  of  Native  Children,  with  Sexes 
and  Ages,  attending  during  these  Years. 

1 

P=;  1         1  II  -^S     1      i      1     S     1  1      II      M     -^  1  1     J  1  II  II 

s 

§g;?SS    g    i?    fe\    ^    |S3    ggS    §§    S3S    SggSSS 

i 

p^-          1  1  1  II      1      1      1      1      II      II      M      III      M  II  1  1 

^              000,^0      ^      ^      ^       1       goo      to,       o^      ^oo      S'^-'IS-' 

11 

^1         MII^III^MMMIMIMMI 

gj       SSSSIS    §    S    S    S    |3    ^S     12    "SS    "SS"§S 

S.2 

2g 

p=;  1      M  1  -"s   1    1    1   »   II    1  1    1  1   '^ II    1  1  II  1  1 

g|       SS2SS    S    2    -^    g    §2    2§  1     I'*    2§;3    SSS'^SS 

1^ 

P^'l        1  M  II      1      1      1      1      II      II      II      III      1  1  1  1  1  1 

g 

Mill      1      1      1      1     SI      M      M      MS     ll-lll 

Years 
included 

in  the 
Return. 

1855  to  I860 
18.59  to  1860 
185(J  to  1860 

1857  to  1800 

1858  to  1860 

18.j9  to  1860 

1859  to  1800 
1857  to  1860 

1857  to  1860 

1858  to  1860 
1850  to  1860 

1857  to  1860 

1856  to  1860 

1859  to  1860 

1856  to  1860 
1859  to  1860 

1855  to  1860 

1860 
1860 

1858  to  1800 
1800 

1856  to  1860 
1858  to  1860 

•3ara£dOJ0  9iB(i 

oototoi^oo       C3      t^      t^      t^      oct~      t tot^      tooo       OOOOOCgt- 

sisis  S  S  2  s  ss  si  22  222  222222 

ji 

Ceylon— coM^. 
Secdua        - 
Katane 

Andiamblam  vernacular  - 
Imbulgodde  school 
Indebetta  vernacular  boys' 

and  girls'  school. 
Waragodde       vernacular 

school. 
Bandaragaraa  vernacular 

boys'  school. 
A^criiacidar   boys'    school 

at  W'askaduwa. 
Katukurundo    boys'   and 

girl's  school. 
Vernacular  at  Payagalle  - 
Vernacular  school  at  Bar- 

baryn. 
Mnccoon      ... 
Vernaciular   boys'  school, 

Dondra. 
Kandv  gaol  school 
Government     vernacular 

boys'  school,  Parnegame. 
Singhalese  school.  Passara 
Radulla,  Singhalese 
Tamil     vernacular,     Ba- 

dulla. 
Paioogame  school  - 
Combalwella 
Matcaie  Tamil  school 
Uatotte  school 
Vernacular,  Kotmalie 
Duuniuilaaemya  ol  Uhilau 

25 


No.  of 
Years 

in 
Return. 

4  years. 
2i  years, 
li  years. 

4  years. 

5  years. 
2i  years. 

3f  years. 

21  years. 
\\  years. 

4f  years. 

1  year, 
lyear. 
1  year. 
1  year. 
1  year. 
1  year. 
1  year. 

5  years. 
3  years. 

6  years. 

amoH    IB     aip 
01  poips  aATiat 
oqAvuo.ipiuiojo 
aaqmn^vj;  a;3T!aaAV 

Pm 

Ill    "     1°"  1     1     11    '^     1      l^ll     II  11  1  1  11  M 

!^ 

''11     1     111     1     II     1      1 

I§ 

1      II      1      1      1      1      1      1      1 

•qtliiaii-ni  raojj 
iVB  \          AaaAa 
looi|os    2uiAti3i 
uaapimo  ^     J" 
aaqmu^  a3ujaAv 

f^\        1  1  -"    '^     1  1  ^     1     -^  1     S     1 

S||      1   1   I   1   1   1   1   1^^ 

S 

''I  I     1     111     i     11     1     1 

1      1      1      1      1      1      l^--^" 

i 
1 

-a 
>> 

1 

^1 
< 

ri|        M  1     -     I--    «     1  1     -     1      l^ll    -»!  1  i  i-i  1- 

g|       "M      1     -M      1      11      1      1      |i||     |-||c||^,<. 

2i^ 

^ 

M  1    "     1  1  1     1     1  1    «     1       "II     1^1  II  1  1  1  1  1 

S 

^11     1     111     1     11     1     1 

S||           1      1      1      1^    1      1      1      1      1 

li 

0>-| 

^1        1  M    ^     l''^    »^     1  1    «     1     |j;||    ^-^1  1  1  1^1  I«    1 

g 

111      1      111     1     11     1      1 

S  1     1  II  1^1  l^U 

^-  1        Ml    «     11-^     1     II     -     1     1  ^  II     1  -  II  M  1  11 " 

g  1       "  N      1     "  M      1      11      1      1       1 II     1  ^  11  1  1  1  11 " 

^1        M  1     1     1  1  1     1     1  1    -     1       -||     1-1  11  1  11  1- 

S  1        Ml      1      III      i      11      1      1      1  »  II     1  ^  1  1  1  1  1  1  11 

U 

II 

11 

« 

if 

< 

1 

f^-|        ISS    ^    S3^    l§    S§     1     S     |s||    S2S'"g3SSr3^g 

^ 

S""  1     1    S  1  1     1     1  1     1     1       1 

^s°°;3??^n§=°g 

a 

f^l            ,|t.«^|o«»,,        1        1 

^   ll           1    ^ 'J  IH  CO  (N  (N  lO    1    05 

g-j            =^1    1         1         1     1    1         1         M         1         1         j|||        |^<^.o^|^g^5H 

II 

f^'  1            l-^g      S      ""SS      2      ==S       1       «       i^ll      «o«o,t,c,oo=oo 

g            SM       1^11       111       11 

III       l«-«--«o«„ 

Si 

^1         I2S    S    Sg?2    §    SS     1     S     |.i||    -»««o«<„|^„ 

g 

o.«,      1     o.|   1      1      II       1      1 

III   —- S"-|-§ 

1^ 

FiJ 

1   "^         1        r.    1     1        ^         1   00         ,        c 

.| 

l"l  l^=^^M  1" 

^ 

l"l           1^11          1          11           1          1 

|C,|      |»,.^|      ,00 

Years 
included 

in  the 
Return. 

1857  to  1860 
1860 

1858  to  1860 

1859  to  1860 

1856  to  1860 

1856  to  1860 

1858  to  1860 

1857  to  1860 

1S58  to  1860 

1859  to  1860 

1856  to  1860 

%%%%%%%%^%% 

1859  to 
1859  to 
1859  to 
1859  to 
1859  to 
1859  to 
1859  to  ] 
1856  to  1 

1854  to  1 

1855  to  1 

•Siiiuodo  JO  aiBci 

111  1  III  1  li  1  1    ;    1 111111111 

ii 

Ceylon— cowr;. 

Calpentyn  Tamil  school    - 
Female  seminary   - 
Superior     girls'      school, 

Kandy. 
Grand  Pass  mixed  girls' 

school. 
Borella 

Colpetty  girls' school 
Girls'  mixed  school,  Cal- 

tura. 
Matura  Government  girls' 

school. 
Kottawa,  vernacular,  girls' 
Pantura      mixed      girls' 

school. 
Vernacular    girls'    school 

at  Pantura. 
Government  Tamil  girls' 

School. 

Total   - 

Canada. 

Faugeeng     - 

Pnake  Island 

Rice  Lake    - 

Chemong  or  Mud  Lake    - 
Alnwick  industrial  school 
New  England,  CO.  Mohawk 
Mohawk 

Mohawk  Institution 
Manito  waning 
Wikwemikong 

26 


No.  of 
Years 

in 
Return. 

1 

1 

■* 

amoH    ?^     aiP 
0%  looqos  aA'eai 
oqA\uajpnqOJO 
aaqranjj;  aAjaaAy 

li^ 

1 

!^' 

1 

•q!HB3q-in  raojj 
jBajt         ^jaA8 
poqos    SuiA^ai 
uajpiiqo         JO 
aaquinjsL  oSeiaAy 

b 

lO 

^ 

- 

i 

to 

a 

1 
1 

^1 

^ 

lO 

s 

1    1    ^ 

^ 

III 

. 

- 

S 

- 

Em 

1  1  1 

^ 

g 

. 

S2 
51 

^' 

1    1    1 

^ 

S 

1 

- 

- 

II 

^\           III 

« 

s 

1    1    1 

- 

ii 

ii 

11 

1 

9 

p^ 

s 

lO 

§ 

1 

g 

?? 

§5 

^ 

i 

ill 

fil 

-^ 

« 

eo 

§ 

s 

« 

« 

*~ 

s 

0>H 

pi 

. 

ir- 

S 

§ 

^ 

•* 

O 

s 

1 

^ 

- 

«o 

■* 

s 

g 

s 

- 

(N 

s 

1=^ 

p^l     III 

s 

g 

I    1    1 

§ 

Years 
included 

in  the 
Return. 

i 

1 

i 

1 

1 

. 

•Suxuado  JO  a^^a 

1 

i 

1 

. 

1 

1 

'      • 

>> 
ll 

1    i 

Canada— eow#. 
St.    Clair    common 

school. 
Walpole   Island   com 

school. 
Mount  Elgin 

Total 

Average 

Number  who 

leave  School 

to  die 

at  Home 

every  Year. 

[iJ 

Sl^^^l 

S 

g 

§5l^gl 

8 

Average 
Number  who 
leave  School 
from  ill- 
health 
every  Year. 

p=; 

gocogo 

. 

^ 

§l'°g'° 

i 

1 

^ 

pi 

S^^^S 

i 

g 

1 

ll 

pi 

^    1      jM,H 

lO 

s 

''JIS^ 

s 

la 

pi 

s-^^s^ 

g 

S 

i 

pi 

o|^^^ 

s 

^ 

.|C0O« 

« 

1 

pi 

tjrHKKNM 

s 

S 

^CC  CO  to  rH 

s 

1 

■5 

pi 

i^iii 

1 

S 

|^§p 

1 

S'^igg^ 

S 

11 

3 

g 

§»-g3S 

1 

Pi 

rii^ 

1 

g 

ss^ij 

1 

o 

^ 

rii" 

i 

S 

320 
10 
260 
1,956 
105 

1 

pi 

|-§g.S 

1 

^ 

S2§;g§ 

g 

i 

Sierra  Leone 
Western  Australia 
Natal       - 
Ceylon     - 
Canada     - 

Total 

27 


B. 


MORTALITY  IN  THE  COLONIAL  SCHOOLS. 

(Sierra  Leone.) 


Years  of  Life. 

Deaths. 

Annual  Rate  of  MortaUty 
per  Cent. 

Ages. 

Both 
Sexes. 

Males. 

Females. 

Both 
Sexes. 

Males. 

Females. 

Both 

Sexes. 

Males. 

Females. 

All  ages     - 

7,779* 

5,885* 

1,894 

190t 

122t 

68 

2-44 

2-07 

3-59 

Under  5  years     - 

1,684 

1,019 

665 

78 

41 

37 

4  63 

4-02 

5-5S 

5-10 

1,409 

781 

'      628 

39 

19 

20 

2-77 

2-43 

3-19 

10-15 

1,812 

1,259 

553 

28 

18 

10 

1-55 

1-43 

1-81 

15  and  upwards  - 

459 

411 

48 

3 

2 

1 

•65 

•49 

2-08 

This  total  includes  the  years  of  life  of  483  male  children  whose  ages  were  not  specified, 
f  Including  42  deaths  of  male  children  whose  ages  were  not  specified. 


c. 

MORTALITY  IN  THE  COLONIAL  SCHOOLS. 

(Natal.) 


Years  of  Life. 

Deaths. 

Annual  Rate  of  Mortality 
per  Cent. 

Both 

Sexes. 

Males. 

Females. 

Both 
Sexes. 

Males. 

Females. 

Both 
Sexes. 

Males. 

Females. 

All  ages     -        - 

Under  5  years     - 

5-10 
10-15 
15  and  upwards  - 

3,832 

344 

2,279 

898 

411 

1,710 

141 

1,035 

346 

188 

2,122 

203 

1,244 

552 

223 

16 
6 
3 

9 

3 
3 
2 

7 

3 
4 
1 

•42 

1-74 
•31 
•33 

•53 

2^13 
•29 

•58 

•33 

l^48 
•32 
•18  - 

MORTALITY  IN  THE  COLONIAL  SCHOOLS. 

(Western  Australia.) 


Years  of  Life. 


Both 
Sexes. 


^xes      ^^^^®-    females. 


Annual  Rate 
of  Mortality  per  cent. 


Both 
Sexes. 


Males.       Females. 


All  ages 

Under  5  years 
5-10 
10-15 
15  and  upwards 


147 
93 
81 
36 


2^52 
4^76 
1^24 


3-47 
7^23 


1^29 
1^56 

4-00 


28 


MORTALITY  IN  THE  COLONIAL  SCHOOLS. 

(Cetlox.) 


Ages. 

Tears  of  Life. 

Deaths. 

Annual  Rate 
of  Mortality  per  Cent. 

Annual  Rate  of 

Mortality  in 

England  and  Wales. 

Both 
Sexes. 

Males. 

Females. 

Both 

Sexes. 

Males. 

Fe- 
males. 

Both 
Sexes. 

Males. 

Fe- 
males. 

Both 
Sexes. 

Males. 

Fe- 
males. 

All  ages     - 

Under  5  years     - 

5-10 

10-15 

15  and  upwards, 
say  17. 

35,339 
644 

7,278 
23,090 

4,327 

20,721 

575 

6,510 

9,377 

4,259 

14,618 

69 

768 

13,713 

68 

341 

8 

109 

160 

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301 

6 

105 

129 

61 

40 
2 
4 

31 
3 

•96 
1-24 
1-50 

•69 
1^48 

1^45 
1-04 
1-61 
1-38 
1^43 

•27 

2^90 

•52 

•23 

4-41 

•92 
•53 

•84 

•92 
•52 
•82 

•91 

•54 
•85 

Note. — The  mortality  at  all  ages  was  ^96  per  cent,  of  both  sexes,  but  including  the  deaths  of  children 
who  have  been  returned  as  leaving  school  to  die  at  home,  this  number  will  be  nearly  doubled. 


MORTALITY  IN  THE  COLONIAL  SCHOOLS. 

(Canada.) 


Ages. 

Tears  of  Life. 

■npatvio                   !                 Annual  Rate 
"^^^i^^-                  1           of  Mortality  per  cent. 

1 

Both 
Sexes. 

Males. 

Females. 

Both 

Sexes. 

Males. 

Females. 

Both 
Sexes. 

Males. 

Females. 

All  ages 
Under  5  years 
5-10 
10-15 
15  and  upwards 

2,141 

93 

679 

933 

436 

1,286 

60 

414 

558 
254 

855 

33 

265 

375 

182 

27 
4 
9 

12 
2 

12 

1 
5 
5 

1 

15 
3 

7 

1 

1-26 
4^30 
1-30 
1-29 
•46 

•93 

1-67 

1^21 

•90 

•39 

1-75 
9^09 
1-51 

r87 

•55 

29 


o 


1 

1 

1 

f^ 

2                 t-                 ■?!                 O                 O 

a 

(M                 OS                 t^                 ^                 C>» 

!>)                                                                       O                     ^ 

r-(                                                                               CO 

4 

fii 

C>l                ^                —                (N                -* 

g 

«                     <M                     •*                     -*                     r.. 

i 

2 

fi<' 

1                    1                     1                     1                  <M 

^ 

^                -H                   1                 ^                c<5 

lit 

fiJ 

1                   1                    1                   1                   1 

S 

^                  1                   1                 --                  1 

ill 

p4 

1                  CO                    1                     1                     1 

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1                  ■*                    1                  >»                   1 

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P^ 

1                           -H                             1                           ^                          « 

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FiJ 

I                  1                  •               O                 1 

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1           1           1         «-          1 

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II 

F^; 

1     ^      .     *      1 

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,     -^     ,     g     > 

i 

Ph 

W                    1                     1                  OS                   1 

S 

S         1          1         2        -- 

Sea  rlet  Fever, 

Measles. 

Wliooping- 

Cough. 

f^ 

c        ^        ^         _          , 

S 

rt                                          r-l                   C^ 

1 
1 

CO 

^' 

55        .        ,         1         , 

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1 

•  1         1         I         1 

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P     -5      §     M      -^ 

30 


4 
1 

1 

1 

o 

1 

s 

Building  well  constructed.  Ventilation  somewhat 

impeded.     Diet  plain  and  simple. 
Conducted  in  a  thatched  chapel.  Situation  good. 
Stone  chapel,  without  special  ventilation. 

Frame  built  chapel,  situated  on  the  Island  of 
Bananas.     No  special  ventilation. 

Building  large  and  well  ventilated. 

Conducted  in  the  cellar  of  the  chapel.  Position 
and  ventilation  good. 

Building  stone.     Ventilation  and  position  good. 

Frame  built  chapel,  without  special  ventilation. 

Frame  chapel,  without  special  ventilation. 

Stone  chapel.  Position  and  ventilation  excellent. 

Frame  built  chapel,  without  special  ventilation. 

Conducted  in  a  wooden  chapel.  Ventilation  in- 
different. 

Brick  house,  situated  on  a  hill.      Diet :  milk, 
porridge,  bread,  meat,  vegetables,  soup,  rice,  &c. 

Physical 
Education 
(including 
Gymnastics, 

Batliing, 
Exercise). 

d        1    1    1    1         11         1    1    1    1    1    1         I               I 

>^.oooo       oo       oooooo                       o 
O     !z;^l?^     ^!2i      12;  ^  ;^  !z;  ;2j  :^                   (z; 

i 

w 
1 

2  o 

^       oooo       oo       oooooo        '               o 

1 

^        gggg         ^g        gggggg         1 
|z;lzi;z;;zi          ^      ^z;  ^z;  iz;  Iz;  Iz; -z; 

6 

-f-                                                      1                   u 

Annual  No. 

of 

Holidays. 

42  days     - 

21  days     - 
21  days     - 

21  days     - 

1  month   - 
21  days     - 

21  days     - 
15  days     - 
1 5  days     - 
21  days     - 
15  days    - 
21  days    - 

Twice  ayear 

No.  of 
School 
Days 

to       ininicio       »n>o       oioomioio         i                m 

Length  of 

>^chool 
Education. 

3i  years     - 
2  years 

7  years 
2  years 

2  years 

2  years 
2  years 

10  years     - 

Name  of  School. 

Sierra  Leone. 
C.  M.  Jubilee       - 

Kessy       -            -            - 
Campbell  Town    - 
Government          -        -    - 
Bananas   -            -            - 

Christ  Church       - 
Buxton     -             -             . 

Gibraltar  -       -     - 

Jehovah  Shalom  - 

York 

Zion 

Tabernacle 

Bathurst  St. 

Liberated  African 

"Western  Australia. 
Annesfield 

31 


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Room  of  wattle  and  daub.     Situated  on  the  side 

of  a  hill.     Diet  :  meal,  milk,  and  potatoes. 
Built  of  brick,  thatched  roof,  mud  floor. 
Held  in  a  chapel. 
Diet :  porridge  with  meat. 

Held  in  a  chapel,  well  ventilated. 

Situation  the  best  that  could  be  selected,  and 
ventilation  good.  Principal  buildings  in  bad 
repair.  School  cannot  be  held  in  wet  weather. 
More  and  better  accommodation  required. 

Well  ventilated,  and  situated  in  the  healthiest 
part  of  the  toM'n. 

The  building  is  constructed  at  the  bottom  of  a 
hill,  and  damp  during  wet  weather.  Ventila- 
tion good.     Diet:  rice,  vegetables,  and  fish. 

Locality  of  the  school-house  is  very  bad,  situated 
in  a  very  noisy,  hot,  and  dusty  road. 

Well  ventilated.  Situated  on  the  rising  ground, 
enjoys  the  benefit  of  the  sea  breeze.  Diet: 
rice,  fish,  curry,  and  beef  occasionally. 

Situated  on  the  plain,  bordering  the  sea  shore, 
admitting  sea  breeze  freely. 

Situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Kaln  Ganga. 
Ventilation  very  satisfactory. 

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Ventilation  sufficient.  Situated  on  the  bank  of 
the  lake,  not  far  from  the  sea  ;  district  remark- 
ably salubrious. 

School-room  spacious  and  airy.  Situated  near 
the  sea  ;  position  healthy. 

School-room  is  now  more  commodious  and  airy  ; 

will  prove  more  beneficial  to  the  health  of  the 

children. 
School-room  is  spacious  and  airy,  situated  near 

the  sea. 
School-room  of  stone,  and  well  ventilated.    Sta- 
tion generally  healthy,  except   in  November 

and  three  following  months.     "  Tobacco  much 

practised,"  with  pernicious  results. 
Building  consists  of  two  halls,  well  ventilated. 

Diet  :    rice,  fish,  beef  occasionally.     General 

health  of  the  children  good. 
School  an  open  shed,  and  considered  healthy. 
Situated  in  a  noisy  and  filthy  position.    Mud 

floors,   dilapidated   walls,    and   want    of  free 

ventilation. 

House  airy,  but  not  kept  clean.  No  provision 
made  for  a  sweeper.  Boys  have  materially 
suffered  in  health. 

School-room  is  spacious  and  airy,  situated  near 
the  sea. 

Physical 
Education 
(including 
Gymnastics, 

Bathing, 
Exercise). 

O            OOO            oo                 o            oo            oo            o 

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None- 

None  - 

None  - 
None  - 

None  - 
None  - 

None  - 

None  - 

None  - 
None  - 

None  - 

1 

O                    O                                                                     o   o 

£  O 

lo           lomm           vnin                w           oio           oo           o 

a    a 

45  days     - 

56  days     - 

63  days     - 
56  days     - 

45  days    - 
56  days     - 

64  days     - 

56  days    - 
61  days     - 

66  days     • 
40  days     - 

56  days    - 

No.  of 
School 
Days 

o           ooo           oo                o           oo           oo           o 

5  to  6  years 

4  years 

5  years 

5  to  8  years 

8  years 
3  years 

10  years     - 
5  years 

1 

1 

1 

Ceylon — cont. 

Pantura      boys'      English 
school. 

Matura  Government  ele- 
mentary school. 

Kornegaile  English 

Malrandahn  Government 
mixed  school. 

Copetty  mixed  school 

Kandane  -            -            . 

Mabola  mixed  school 

Kaigalle  mixed  school 
Ratnapoora  mixed  school  - 

Bentotte  mixed  school 
Government  mixed  school 
at  Balepitimodera. 

Matura  boys'  school 

34 


Remarks  on  State  of  School,  &c. 

School  is  situated  in  a  healthy  locality,  not  far 

from  the  sea,  and  well  ventilated. 
Situated  in  a  salubrious  part  of  the  town. 
Situated  near  the  sea,  in  a  salubrious  locality. 
School-room    and   dormitories   well   ventilated. 

Health  of  pupils  generally  good. 
House  well  ventilated.     Diet  simple.     Climate 

generally  healthy. 
Rooms  well  ventilated. 

Building  sufficiently  ventilated,  but  rather  damp. 

Situated  in  the  healthiest  part  of  the  town. 
Building   is   commodious   and  well   ventilated. 

Situated  in  a  healthy  locality. 
Situated  in  a  salubrious  part  of  the  town. 
Situated  in  a  healthy  locality  ;  enjoys  the  benefit 

of  sea  breeze. 
School  is  built  in  a  healthy  place. 

Situated  in  a  healthy  locality.     Room  is  large 
and  well  ventilated.    Diet:  rice  and  vegetables. 
Diet :  rice,  milk,  curries,  and  vegetables. 

Situated  in  a  healthy  locality. 
Situated  in  the  heart  of  the  town.     School  con- 
sists of  one  large  hall.    Ventilation  free. 
School  built  on  an  elevation.    Well  ventilated. 

Physical 
Education 
(including 
Gymnastics, 

Bathing, 
Exercise). 

1              III              1              1              1              1              II             1              1           Tj            1       1       1              1 

1      1  .  1^          .s  ^  •  ■  •      - 

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11 

56  days     - 

56  days     - 

62  days    - 

Thrice  a  year 

3  months  - 

3  months  - 

65  days     - 

65  days     - 

59  days    - 
59  days     - 

46  days    - 

56  days    - 

28  days     - 

56  days     - 
56  days     - 
56  days     - 

41  days     - 

^m 

lo       lOino       m       >o       o       in       mm       m       m       m       mmm       m 

6  years 

3  years 

5  years 

6  years 

2  and  3  years 

4  years 

4  years 

6  years 

7  years 

5  years 

1  to  4  years 

1 
1 

1 

Ceylon— con  ^ 
Matura  girls'  school 

Belligam  boys'  school 
Boys'  school,  Dondra 
Oodoovil  female  boarding 

school. 
Batticotta  high  school 

Batticotta      training    and 

theological  school. 
Galle  mixed  school 

Kallowelle  mixed  - 

Belligam  mixed  school 
Hambantotte  mixed  school 

Trincomalie,  mixed,  boys' 

school. 
Kandy  mixed  school 

Kandy  industrial  school    - 

Pitiyagedere 
Madewelletenne    - 
Gampola  mixed  school 

Nawelepitiye  mixed  school 

35 


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Bungalow  construction,  situated  near  a  lake, 
which  aifords  a  gentle  breeze. 

Construction,  mud  walls  and  cadjan  roof.  Posi- 
tion airy  and  slightly  elevated. 

School-house  is  a  poor  building,  situated  in  an 
interior  village.     Children  enjoy  good  health. 

Building  is  a  cadjan  thatched  open  bungalow, 
giving  full  light  and  ventilation.  J.ocality 
healthy. 

Bungalow  construction,  situated  near  the  sea  ; 
enjoys  a  gentle  breeze  during  the  day. 

School  is  unhealthy,  being  too  close  to  the  sea. 

Want  of  a  school-room  much  felt. 

No  school.     School  "  is  not  yet  built  up." 
School  is  situated  in  a  healthy  part  of  the  village. 

Physical 
Education 
(including 
Gymnastics, 
Bathinp, 
Exercise). 

^^ 

OOOo          O                O          OOOO 

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None  - 

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None  - 
None  - 
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None  - 
None  - 
None  - 

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None  - 
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1  « 

59  days    - 
45  days    - 

49  days    - 

62  days    - 

45  days    - 

45  days    - 

42  days     - 
62  days    - 
70  days    - 
62  days    - 

60  days    - 

50  days    - 
50  days    - 
50  days    - 

56  days    - 

No.  of 
School 
Days 

Week. 

«o  in 

mo       m       m       »o           m       mmmm 

m       m  m  m  m  m 

3 

11 

4  or  5  years 

5  years 

4  or  5  years 

3  years 

4^  years     - 

4  years 

4  years 

5  years 

4  years 

1 
L 

1 
1 

1 

Ceylon — co?;^. 

Katane     - 

Andiamblam      vernacular 

Imbulgodde  school 
Indebetta  vernacular  boys' 

and  girls'  school. 
Waragodde        vernacular 

school. 
Bandaragama    vernacular 

boys'  school. 
Waskaduwa       vernacular 

boys'  school. 

Katukurunde     vernacular 

boys'  and  girls'  school. 
Payagalle,  vernacular 
Barbaryn  vernacular  school 
Maccoon  -            -            . 
Dondra    vernacular    boys 
scliool. 

Parnegame      Government 

vernacular  boys'  school. 
Passara,  Singhalese  school 
Badulla,  Singhalese 
Badulla(Tamil)  vernacular 
Paloogame  school 
Combalwella 

38 


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"Wooden  frame  building.  Position,  airy  and 
healthy. 

A  frame  building  in  a  good  airy  position,  well 
ventilated,  on  the  borders  of  a  lake. 

A  frame  building  in  an  airy  situation,  well  ven- 
tilated. 

School  house  commodious  and  well  ventilated. 

Brick  building  properly  veniilated.  Position 
elevated.  Diet  :  soups,  vegetables,  meats,  and 
bread. 

Children  healthy. 

Brick  building,   well  ventilated,  situated  in   a 
healthy  position.     Diet :    bread,  meat,   vege- 
tables, com  meal,  milk,  butter,  and  soup. 

Situated  on  the  Kiver  Pont.     Island  damp. 

Children  remarkably  healthy.  Institution  stands 
in   an   elevated  position  on  the  banks  of  the 
Eiver  Thames.    Sleeping  apartments  well  ven- 
tilated.    Diet  :  plain  and  wholesome. 

Physical 
Education 
(including 
Gymnastics, 

Bathing, 
Exercise). 

oo       ooo            ooS            oS       o       o       o 

^     ^     '^     ;^^        ;^;2;>^        '^>^     ;zi     jzi     ^ 

1 

Ji 

None  - 

None  - 

None  - 

2 
None  - 

None  - 

None  - 

4 

None  - 
None  - 

None  - 

None  - 

3 

None  - 

None  - 

None  - 

None  - 
None  - 

1 
1 
2    . 

None  - 

10 
minutes. 
None  - 

None  - 

3 

i^ 

to          to                        iOiO                 tOtOtO                 Tfr^          5D          <£)         "^ 

None 
None 
7  days       - 
35  days    - 

28  days     - 
28  days     - 
40  days     - 

7  days       - 
7  days 

14  days     - 

28  days    - 

7  days 

No.  of 
School 
Days 

"Week. 

6  to  8  years 
8  to  10  years 
5  or  6  years 
5  or  6  years 

5  or  6  years 

4  to  5  years 

5  to  7  years 

6  to  1 5  years 
5  to  6  years 

i 
i 

a 

Canada. 

Saugeeng 

Snake  Island 

Eice  Lake 

Chemong  or  Mud  Lake     - 
Alnwick  industrial  school 

New  England,  co.  Mohawk 
Mohawk  - 
Mohawk  Institution 

Manitowaning 
"Wikwemikong      - 

St.    Clair      common     day 

school. 
"Walpole   Island    common 

school. 
Mount  Elgin 

40 


CAPE  COAST. 

CoLoxiAL  Hospital. 

Of  the  Admissions  into  Hospitals,  the  proportion  per  cent.  Avho  died 

and  who  recovered  during  One  Year,  1857-1858. 


All  Ages. 

Died  in  Hospital. 

Recovered. 

M.  and  F. 

M.  and  F. 

All  diseases 

. 

. 

- 

4-3 

87-0 

Variola   - 

_ 

. 

_ 





Dysenteria 

. 

. 

_ 

. 

100-0 

Diarrhoea 

- 

- 

- 

— 

— 

Cholera  biliosa    - 

. 

. 

1 

„       spasmodica 

- 

- 

Periodic  fevers    - 

- 

. 

— 

100-0 

Continued  fevers 

- 

- 

- 



— 

Eheumatisnuis  acutiis 
„          chronicus 

- 

- 

} 

— 

100-0 

Scrofiila  - 

- 

_ 

1 

Phthisis  - 

- 

. 

I 





Hsemoptysis 

- 

- 

1 

Brain  and  nervous  system 

_ 

_ 

50-0 

50-0 

Chest  diseases     - 

. 

_ 

. 

. 



Liver  diseases 

- 

- 

- 

- 

50-0 

— 

Note. — In  some  instances  the  number  of  admissions  were  exceeded  by  the  deaths 
+  the  recoveries  ;  in  calculating  the  per-centages  the  aggregate  of  the  deaths  and 
recoveries  (D.  +  R.)  -were  in  these  instances  regarded  as  the  number  of  admissions. 

In  instances  where  the  proportion  of  deaths  or  recoveries  approach  100  per  cent, 
the  observations  have  been  very  few, 

K. 

CAPE  COAST. 
Colonial  Hospital. 


Proportion  of 
Deaths  from 

Proportion  of 
Admissions 

Proportion  of 

Deaths  from 

each  Cause  to 

100  Deaths  from 

all  Causes. 

each  Cause  to 

100  Admissions 

from  each 

from  each 
Cause  to  100 
Admissions 

Cause. 

from  all  Causes. 

M.  and  F. 

M.  and  F. 

M.  and  F. 

All  causes 

- 

4-3 

100-0 

100-0 

Variola 

. 







Dysenteria 

- 



4-7 

— 

Diarrhoea 

. 





— 

Cholera  biliosa  -    '         - 

:| 

„       spasmodica 

Periodic  fevers  - 



2-4 



Continued  fevers 

. 







Eheumatismus  acutus    - 

-". 

„              chronicus 

-         _         - 

— 

Scrofula 

-1 

Phthisis             -            -            -          -  1- 





Haemoptysis 

-        -1 

Brain  and  nervous  system 

50-0 

4-8 

50-0 

Chest  diseases   - 

. 





Liver  diseases   -            -            -            . 

50-0 

2-4 

50-0 

Other  diseases  - 

- 

- 

83-3 

Note. — The  deaths  +  recoveries  have  been  taken  as  the  admissions  in  making 
these  calculations. 


41 


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42 


FREETOWN,  SIERRA  LEONE. 

Colonial  Medical  Department. 


Proportion  of 
Deaths  from  each 

Cause  to  100 

Admissions  from 

each  Cause. 

Proportion  of 
Admissions  from 

each  Cause  to 
100  Admissions 
from  all  Causes. 

Proportion  of 
Deaths  from  each 

Cause  to  100 

Deaths  from  all 

Causes. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

All  causes 

- 

20-3 

18-6 

100-0 

100-0 

100-0 

100-0 

Variola 

- 

26-2 

7-0 

15-6 

19-4 

20:4 

6-8 

Dysenteria 

- 

16-7 

83-3 

2-9 

8-0 

2-4 

34-0 

Diarrhoea 

- 

25-0 

- 

•9 

•5 

1-0 

- 

Cholera  biliosa 

-• 

„       spasmodica     - 

-- 

Periodic  fevers 

- 

14-8 

- 

26-2 

- 

19-0 

- 

Continued  fevers 

- 

16-7 

- 

•4 

•2 

•3 

- 

Rheumatismus  acntus  - 

.^ 

^ 

5-6 

28-6 

2  9 

1-6 

•8 

2-3 

„            chronicus 

-J 

Scrofula 

-~ 

Phthisis 

19-7 

10-0 

3-3 

3-8 

3-2 

2-3 

Haemoptysis     - 

-. 

Brain  and  nervous  system 

- 

40-0 

42-2 

5-7 

9-2 

12-7 

21-6 

Chest  diseases  - 

- 

18-0 

- 

2-1 

1-1 

2-4 

- 

Liver  diseases  - 

- 

- 

- 

•1 

- 

- 

Other  diseases  - 

- 

19-3 

11-6 

39-9 

.56-2 

37-8 

33-0 

Note. — The  deaths  +  recoveries  have  been  taken  as  tha  admissions  in  making 
these  calculations. 


43 


N. 
KAFFRARIA. 

King  William's  Town  Hospitals. 

Of  the  Admissions  into  Hospitals,  the  Proportion  per  Cent,  who  died 

and  who  recovered  during  Four  Months,  1858. 


All  A.ges. 

Died 

in  Hospital. 

Recovered. 

Male  and  Female. 

Male  and  Female. 

All  diseases 

- 

21-8 

78-2 

Variola 

- 

— 

— 

Dysenteria 

- 

10-0 

90-0 

Diarrhoea 

- 

— 

100-0 

Cholera  biliosa  - 

:| 

„       spasmodica 

Periodic  fevers  - 

- 

— 

— 

Continued  fevers 

- 

— 

— 

Rheumatism  us  acutus    - 

.  ■ 

„            chronicus 

Scrofula 

- 

Phthisis 

-  V 

70-6 

29-4 

Haemoptysis 

-J 

Brain  and  nervous  system 

- 

— 

— 

Chest  diseases    - 

- 

50-0 

.50-0 

Liver  diseases    - 

- 

— 

— 

Note. — In  some  instances  the  number  of  admissions  were  exceeded  by  the  deaths 
+  the  recoveries  ;  in  calculating  the  per-centages,  the  aggregate  of  the  deaths'  and 
recoveries  (D.  +  R.)  were  in  these  instances  regarded  as  the  number  of  admissions. 

In  instances  where  the  proportion  of  deaths  or  recoveries  approach  100  per  cent, 
the  observations  have  been  very  few. 

0. 

KAFFRARIA. 
King  William's  Town  Hospitals. 


Proportion  of 

Deaths  from 

each  Cause  to 

100  Admissions 

from  each 

Cause. 

Proportion  of 
Adinissious 
from  each 
Cause  to  100 
Admissions 

from  all  Causes. 

Proportion  of 

Deaths  from 

each  Cause  to 

100  Deaths  from 

all  Causes. 

M. and  F. 

M. and  F. 

M.  and  F. 

All  causes 

- 

21-8 

100-0 

100-0 

Variola 

_ 





.^ 

Dysenteria         .             .             . 

- 

10-0 

12-8 

6- 

Diarrhoea          .            .            . 

_ 

— 

3-9 

— 

Cholera  biliosa 

„       spasmodica 
Periodic  fevers 

:} 

- 

— 

- 

Continued  fevers 

- 

— 

— 

— 

Rheumatismus  acutus   - 
„             chronicus 

:| 

— 

— 

— 

Scroftila 

-1 

Phthisis 

-[ 

70-6 

21-8 

70-6 

Haemoptysis      - 

Brain  and  nervous  system 

-J 

Chest  diseases  - 

. 

50-0 

5-1 

11-7 

Liver  diseases    - 

- 

— 

— 

— 

Other  diseases  - 

- 

4-5 

56-4 

11-7 

Note. — The  deaths  -   recoveries  have  been  taken  as  the  admissions  in  making 
these  calculations. 


44 


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45 


Q. 

NATAL. 
D'Urban  Hospital  and  Grey's  Hospital. 


All  causes 

Variola 
Dysenteria 
Diarrhoea 
Cholera  biliosa  - 

„       spasmodica 
Periodic  fevers 
Continued  fevers 
Rheumatismus  acutus    - 
„  chronicus 

Scrofula 
Phthisis 
Haemoptysis 

Brain  and  nervous  system 
Chest  diseases   - 
Liver  diseases   - 
Other  diseases  - 


Proportion  of 
Deaths  from  each 

Cause  to  100 

Admissions  from 

each  Cause. 


Males.    Females, 


9-1 


6-6 


Proportion  of 
Admissions  from 
each  Cause  to  100 

Admissions 
from  all  Causes. 


Males.    Females. 


Proportion  of 
Deaths  from  each 

Cause  to  100 

Deaths  from  all 

Causes. 


Males.    Females. 


41-1 


]sroTE  — The  deaths  +  recoveries  have  been  taken  as  the  admissions  in  making 
these  calculations. 

In  instances  -where  the  proportion  of  deaths  or  recoveries  approach  100  per  cent. 
the  observations  have  been  very  few. 


46 


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47 


SOUTH  AUSTRALIA. 
PooNiNDiE  Native  Training  Institution. 


Proportion  of 
Deaths  from  each 

Cause  to  100 

Admissions  from 

each  Cause. 

Proportion  of 
Admissions  from 
each  Cause  to  100 

Admissions 
from  all  Causes. 

Proportion  of 
Deaths  from  each 

Cause  to  100 

Deaths  from  aU 

Causes. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

All  ages 

- 

15-9 

30-9 

100-0 

100-0 

100-0 

100-0 

Variola 

- 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Dysenteria 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Diarrhoea 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Cholera  biliosa  - 

"1 

„       spasmodica 

J 

Periodic  fevers 

_ 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Continued  fevers 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Rheumatismus  acutus 

"1 

I 

— 

— 

4-1 

— 

— 

— 

„            chronicus         -  J 

Scrofula 

- 

Phthisis 

- 

70-0 

81-2 

15-9 

23-5 

69-6 

61-9 

Haemoptysis 

- 

Brain  and  nervous  system 

100-0 

- 

2-1 

- 

13-0 

- 

Chest  diseases  - 

- 

- 

- 

3-4 

- 

- 

- 

Liver  diseases   - 

- 

- 

- 

2-8 

1-5 

- 

- 

Other  diseases  - 

- 

3-8 

- 

71-7 

75-0 

17-4 

38-1 

Note. — The  deaths  +  recoveries  have  been  taken  as  the  admissions  in  making 
these  calculations. 

In  instances  where  the  proportion  of  deaths  or  recoveries  approach  100  per  cent, 
the  observations  have  been  verv  few. 


48 


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rain  and  nervous 
system. 

best  diseases     - 
ractura     - 
iver  diseases     - 

ariola 
fluenza    - 
phthalmia 
ysenteria  - 
iarrhoea    - 
lolera  biliosa  - 1 

1 

sis 

111 

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Syphilitic  disease. 
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49 


U. 

MAURITIUS. 

Civil  Hospital,  Port  Louis. 


Proportion  of 
Deaths  from  each 

Cause  to  100 

Admissions  from 

each  Cause. 

Proportion  of 

Admissions  from 

eacli  Cause  to  100 

Admissions  from 

all  Causes. 

Proportion  of 

Deaths  from  each 

Cause  to  100 

Deaths  from  all 

Causes. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

All  Causes 

21-3 

38-8 

100-0 

100-0 

100-0 

100-0 

Variola             .            -            - 

— 

— 

•1 

— 

— 

— 

Dysenteria        -             _            - 

40-7 

75-0 

5-7 

6-4 

10-9 

12-4 

Diarrhoea          -            -            . 

37-7 

61-7 

10-1 

14-5 

18-0 

23-0 

Cholera  biliosa 

„       spasmodica      -          -J 

62-0 

63-6 

4-3 

3-9 

12-5 

6-5 

Periodic  fevers 

25-0 

— 

•1 

- 

-1 

- 

/ 
Continued  fevers 

14-6 

27-8 

12-7 

6-4 

8-8 

4-6 

Eheumatismus  acutus  -          -  -i 

„             chronicus         -  J 

11-9 

33-3 

8-3 

1-1 

4-6 

1-4 

Scrofula            -            -          .-^ 

Phthisis             -             -           -  I 

57-1 

72-7 

3-3 

2-1 

8-7 

3-7 

llffimoptysis        -            -         -J 

Brain  and  nervous  system 

36-9 

26-7 

3-5 

2-7 

6-1 

1-9 

Chest  diseases  -            -            - 

29-2 

50-0 

2-7 

1-4 

3-6 

1-8 

Liver  diseases  - 

31-6 

— 

•5 

•3 

-7 

— 

Other  diseases  -            -            - 

11-4 

28-4 

4S-7 

61-2 

26-0 

44-7 

XoTE.— The 
these  calculation 


+  recoveries  have  been  taken  as  the  admissions  in  makinr 

D 


50 


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55 


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51 


W. 


COLOMBO  AND  MALABAR. 

Singhalese  Hospitals. 


Proportion  of 
Deaths  from  each 

Cause  to  100 
Admissions  from 

each  Cause. 

Proportion  of 

Admissions  from 

each  Cause  to  100 

Admissions  from 

all  Causes. 

Proportion  of 
Deaths  from  each 

Cavise  to  100 

Deaths  from  all 

Causes. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females.. 

All  causes         -            _            . 

20-7 

18-1 

100-0 

100-0 

100-0 

100-0 

Variola 

11-2 

9-9 

1-1 

8-5 

-8 

4-6 

Dysenteria        ... 

49-0 

54-1 

14-2 

10-2 

43-6 

30-1 

Diarrhoea           .            -            . 

30-9 

52-3 

8-2 

7-8 

16-1 

22-3 

Cholera  biliosa  - 

45-6 

70-0 

•4 

-5 

-9 

2-0 

„       spasmodica 

Periodic  fevers 

1-7 

•8 

20-3 

16-0 

2-1 

-7 

Continued  fevers 

2-3 

1-3 

-2 

-2 

— 

Rheumatismus  acutus 

. 

2-0 

1-9 

4-8 

4-3 

•6 

•4 

„           chronicus 

Scrofula 

Phthisis 

15-2 

29-4 

•7 

-7 

-7 

1-1 

Haemoptysis      -            -          _ 

Brain  and  nervous  system 

12-6 

12-6 

1-6 

3-2 

1-5 

3-1 

Chest  diseases  -            -            - 

20-7 

24-2 

1-0 

1-3 

1-3 

1-7 

Liver  diseases  -            -            - 

12-0 

33-3 

•3 

•1 

-2 

-2 

Other  diseases  -            -            . 

11-0 

13-2 

46-1 

47-2 

32-0 

33-8 

Note. — The  deaths  +  recoveries  have 
these  calculations. 


been  taken  as  the  admissions  in 
D    2 


making 


52 


< 
H 
I— t 
Ah 

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O 

•  33 

< 
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5  ^ 
so 

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i 

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^          1     1     I         1      §1         §                1         6        3l 

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J      1   1   1     1     1   1       1          1       1     ^  1 

1 
1 

s 

&; 
s 

CO                          O                   O                   O                   t           C3           o> 

^    1  l§   1  1 1    1      g{    s    s  1 

CO                 OO                 O                 O                 C35t^O 

rt         loolol        o            r»io| 
00        '  in  o      '     o    '        o                     00       t^    ' 

.=3 
11 

^ 

2      IIIIM       i         S2^' 

^ 

(MO                                                             ^         CO         ^ 

i         lollll         1            (Ncoml 

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o^         1     1   c^       i      o    1          1                1        «         II 

«                o>            o                                   o 

glislgll      '1'' 

.si 

Pa 

p^' 

sll^llil     glil 

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^-   II i  1  1  1    1     1   1    1  1 

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«D                 O  00                 «D                                                    O          O 

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o           o  oi           o                                 o 

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o\         1  CI  o      1     to    1         I            CO       if       n    \ 

i-H                     rH    ,-H                                                                       C»                             CO 

1             1      1      1^^—11      •< * u * .5           1      1 

;.isi»Ji' '  '1  „„ 
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i  -"Us III!  ^--§|1P3 

<1      ;>POu      P^OP^          coPhWM      Oh^ 

■5      ^• 


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HI 

■2  +  K 


i^irSM 


53 


Y. 

CANADIAN  HOSPITALS. 

MaNITOWANING  and  TUSC4.RORA. 


Proportion  of 
Deaths  from  each 

Cause  to  100 

Admissions  from 

each  Cause. 

Proportion  of 
Admissions  from 
each  Cause  to  100 

Admissions 
from  all  Causes. 

Proportion  of 

Deaths  from  each 

Cause  to  100 

Deaths 

from  all  Causes. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

All  causes         .            .            - 

12-3 

14-0 

100-0 

100-0 

100-0 

100-0 

Variola               .            _             _ 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

3")}senteria         -             -             - 

12-5 

- 

1-0 

•7 

1-0 

— 

Diarrhoea          _            _            - 

10-2 

18-6 

7-7 

7-5 

6-2 

8-7 

Cholera  hiliosa              -          -  -] 

„      spasmodica       -          -J 

reriodic  fevers 

6-2 

5-0 

10-4 

13-0 

5-1 

4-3 

Continued  fevers 

- 

- 

- 

- 

— 

— 

liheumatismus  acutus    -          --1 

. 



14-3 

4-9 

4*9 



4-3 

„           chronicus          -  J 

Scrofula            -            _          .^ 

Phthisis            -            -          -  I 

93-6 

79-2 

6-1 

8-3 

44-9 

41-3 

Hocnioptysis      -            -          -J 

Brain  and  nervous  system 

4-5 

1-6 

6-5 

5-2 

2-0 

— 

Chest  diseases  -            -            . 

33-0 

42-9 

11-8 

10-9 

30-6 

29-4 

liver  diseases  -            -            - 

~     1 

- 

— 

— 

- 

— 

Other  diseases  -            -            . 

2-5          3-8 

51-6 

49-5 

10-2 

12-0 

XoTE. — The  deaths  +  recoveries  have  been  taken  as  the  admissions  in  making 
these  calculations. 


54 


APPENDIX  II. 


Abstracts  of  Papers  relating  to  the  Causes  of  Mortality  among 
>     Aboriginal  Races,  received  from  the  Colonial  Office. 

Under  the  head  of  "  All  other  Diseases  "  is  includsd  one  "  lethargus,"  a 
disease  which,  as  far  as  I  am  aware,  is  altogether  confined  to  the  native  popula- 
tion, "more  oarticularly  to  the  Kossohs  and  Congos  tribes."  It  is  not  restricted 
to  any  particular  period  of  life,  as  old  and  young  are  equally  liable  to  it.  It  is 
purely  a  disease  of  the  brain  and  nervous  system,  generally  fatal,  except  when 
seen  in  the  very  early  stages.  As  it  is  generally  met  Avith,  the  patient  sleeps  con- 
tinually, even  when  standing  up,  and  becomes  perfectly  incapable  of  any  exer- 
tion ;  the  sufferer  will  even  fall  asleep  while  being  fed.  I  have  seen  them  last  in 
this  state  for  months,  and  gradually  die  of  inanition  from  want  of  a  sufficiency 
of  food  to  support  life.  I  have  tried  all  kinds  of  treatment,  but  cannot  recom- 
mend any  more  likely  to  be  beneficial  than  a  prolonged  shght  sahvation,  if  you 
can  meet  the  case  in  the  inflammatory  stage  or  that  previous  to  the  sleeping 
state  just  alluded  to. 

This  and  leprosy  are  the  only  diseases  met  with  here  from  which  the  European 
is  exempt. 

RoBT.  Bradshaw,  L.K.  &  Q.C.P.I. 
Freetown,  Sierra  Leone.  Colonial  Surgeon. 

Natal.  Special  Remarks. — Of  seven  of  the  eight  cases  of  syphihs  (native),  Hottentots 

were  the  subjects.     Here,  as  elsewhere,  they  copy  European  vices  very  readily. 

The  Kafirs  adhere  to  their  own  vices,  but  are  more  slow  in  copying  European 
manners  and  habits,  good  or  evil. 

I  have  met  wth  one  decided  case  of  scrofula  among  the  Zulus,  and  one  only. 

The  ages  of  infants  are  reckoned  by  moons,  but  adult  Kafirs  (as  the  rule) 
do  not  know  how  old  they  are ;  the  ages  given  are  therefore  only  surmised,  and 
cannot  be  depended  on. 

The  tendency  of  disease  among  the  Kafirs  is  to  collapse  and  paralysis.  No 
year  goes  round  without  deaths  from  cold  and  wet,  which  they  bear  less  weU 
than  European  settlers.    They  are  apt  to  sink  under  any  serious  form  of  disease. 

Flesh  wovmds  heal  well,  causing  less  constitutional  disturbance  than  among 
Europeans,  but  fractured  bones  do  not  so  soon  re-unite.  I  have  found  lime 
water,  a  pint  or  more  given  daily,  promote  their  union.  Lime  is  scarce  here,  and 
the  shells  of  eggs  are  correspondingly  thin. 

Lung  disease  is  more  frequent  among  natives  than  white  settlers,  unless  the 
latter  bring  the  seeds  of  disease  wdth  them ;  but  I  doubt  whether  it  is  true 
phthisis.  I  suspect  that  the  lungs  of  both  natives  and  settlers  are  more  hable 
to  become  hepatized  or  otherwise  disorganized  than  tuberculated.  In  examining 
the  lungs  of  cattle  who  have  died  of  lung  sickness,  I  have  found  large  portions 
of  lung  degenerated  into  an  impervious  muscle-like  substance  resembling  beef, 
while  hi  other  portions  the  disease  has  sho\ATi  itself  to  be  of  so  anemic  a  character 
as  to  have  proceeded  without  much  pause  to  suppuration.  I  believe  that  in  this 
climate,  subjects  of  phthisis,  who  had  only  small  tubercles  in  their  lungs,  would 
find  their  further  development  arrested;  indeed  this  has  been,  in  many  cases, 
proved  to  have  occurred. 

The  lung  disease,  called  lung  sickness,  in  cattle,  does  not,  with  regard  to  the 
organ  attacked,  affect  human  beings,  but  the  tendency  of  the  present  race  of 
mankind  is  to  anemic  rather  than  acutely  inflammatory  diseases.  The  most 
destructive  modern  diseases,  influenza,  cholera,  and  diphtheria,  are  of  an  anemic 
character ;  other  diseases  are  now,  more  than  formerly,  inchned  to  assume  this 
character.  It  is  not  that  medicine  and  doctors,  but  that  human  constitutions, 
vary.  The  rule  laid  down  by  Pinel  that  bleeding  confirms  mania  is  good  now; 
but  50  or  70  years  ago,  as,  perhajis,  50  or  70  years  hence,  more  exceptional 
cases  did  and  may  again  occur  than  are  at  present  met  with. 


65 

The  mortality  from  fever  ^\'ill  be  seen  to  have  been  great;  but  of  the  seven        Nvtal 

deaths  recorded,  six  came  into  the  hospital  in  a  dying  state.     One,  admitted  1 * 

November  25th,  died  five  hours  after  admission;  another,  admitted  at  noon,  Vide  Tables 
December  llth,  died  at  half-past  four  a.m.   ne.xt  morning;  another,  admitted  P.  and  Q., 
on  the  5th,  died  on  the  6th  ;  another,  admitted  on  September  19th,  died  on  the  PP-  44  and  45. 
20th ;  other  two  rallied  by  the  administration  of  wine,  sago,  &c.,  but  died  from 
two  to  five  days  after  admission,  again  sinking.     They  received  shelter  and 
attention,  and  had  what  chance  there  was  of  recovery;  and  some  others,  beyond 
all  reasonable  expectation,  recovered.     The  number  of  Kafir  and  druggist-doc- 
tored patients  thrown  upon  my  hands  in  a  moribund  state  is  great.     Of  the 
cases  of  fever  that  I  attended  throughout,  most  did  well.     The  hospital  has 
been  occupied  somewhat  more  than  three  years  and  a  half,  but  I  have  held  office 
as  district  surgeon  in  the  service  of  Government  eight  years  and  a  half,  and  I 
speak  of  my  experience  during  the  whole  term  of  such  service. 

In  giving  names  to  complaints,  I  have  not  set  down  diarrhoea  or  even 
taenia,  of  which  many  instances  have  occurred,  but  these  instances  have  been 
incidental  or  symptomatic.  Taenia  has  been  discovered  and  treated  in  cases  of  • 
patients  who  had  wounds,  &c.,  and  this  frequently.  There  is  no  complaint  so 
generally  prevalent  among  both  natives  and  settlers.  The  tapeworm  of  South 
Africa  is  about  two-fifths  in  width*  narrower  than  that  of  Europe.  The  most 
effective  treatment  has  been  Ihoz.  sp.  terebinth,  early  in  the  morning,  and  one 
drop  of  croton  oil,  or  a  dose  of  other  aperient  medicine,  four  or  five  hours  after, 
msiprins  solufa  sit  alvus.  A  less  dose  than  U  oz.  more  disturbs  the  system 
than  this  quantity,  and  fails  to  act.  I  procured  some  ethereal  extract  of  male 
fern  in  one  case,  of  which  I  gave  one  scruple  early  in  the  morning,  and  a  black 
draught  some  hours  after.  It  caused  no  nausea  or  other  apparent  constitutional 
disturbance,  and  a  piece  of  tapeworm  was  expelled,  still  alive,  which  measured 
22  feet  long.     Turpentine  generally  expels  them  dead. 

The  fracture  that  ended  fatally  was  a  compound  fracture  of  the  left  thigh,  and  ' 
compound  comminuted  fracture  of  the  tibia  and  fibula  of  the  right  leg,  from  a 
waggon  accident.  He  sunk  at  the  end  of  two  days,  never  rallying  from  the 
shock  to  his  system,  and  refusing  to  submit  to  the  not  very  hopeful  operation 
of  amputation  of  the  more  seriously  injured  limb.  I  have  had  two  cases  of 
injury  among  the  aborigines  in  which  amputation  was  necessary,  one  a  little 
above  the  ancle,  the  other  four  inches  above  the  knee.  In  the  latter  case  the 
leg  had  been  torn  off  by  the  machinery  of  a  flour  mill,  the  knee  stripped  of  its 
mteguments,  and  the  muscles  above  the  knee  stretched  and  contused,  so  that  I 
felt  myself  obliged  to  operate  high  up,  lest  a  second  amputation  should  become 
requisite.  The  case  occurred  a  few  months  ago.  Both  cases  did  well.  I  have 
represented  my  wish  in  both  cases  that  an  artificial  leg  and  foot  should  be  sent 
for  to  England,  as  it  would  be  a  convenience  to  the  parties,  and  also  have  a  good 
sanitary  and  social  effect  upon  the  natives.  The  cost  of  the  cork  or  other  artifi- 
cial two  legs,  black  imitation  toes  inclusive,  would  not,  I  should  think,  exceed 
30/.  Their  aversion  to  operations  necessary  to  save  life  would  thus  be  in  some 
measure  overcome  or  lessened. 

The  natives  who  have  become  Christians  evince  some  of  the  uncomfortable- 
ness  and  maladroitness  that  are  incidental  to  a  state  of  transition,  but,  perhaps, 
less  than  might  have  been  expected.  The  premises  I  go  upon  are,  perhaps, 
scanty  and  insufficient,  but  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  among  Christian  Kafirs 
more  children  die  in  infancy  than  among  the  unchristianized  natives.  This  is 
not  to  be  depended  upon,  nor  can  I,  generally  speaking,  say  much  that  is  definite 
upon  the  subject  of  physical  or  other  differences  between  Christian  and  other 
natives. 

The  natives  hitherto,  as  the  rule,  have  not  shown  the  appetence  for  alcohol 
which  the  North  American  Indians  so  early,  and  so  fatally  for  themselves, 
acquired.  There  are  cases  of  elephantiasis  among  them;  they  are  subject  to  skin 
diseases.  "These  and  other  trifling  diseases  or  erases  of  injury  seldom  appear  at 
the  hospital,  or  only  as  accompaniments  of  injury  or  other  disease. 

Prior  to  the  completion  and  occupation  of  Grev's  hospital,  a  row  of  cottages 
was  rented  as  a  hospital ;  prior  to  this  the  gaol  and  hospital  were  under  one  roof. 

Samuel  Gower,  M.R.C.S.  Engl.,  &c. 


*  The  English  assumed  as  1  in  \i  idth,  the  South  African  0-l5. 


56 


Nat.vl.  Change  of  Diet  and  irregular  Habits. — There  is  one  very  striking  difFerence 

— —  between  the  semi-civilized  native  and  the  one  fresh  from  his  original  habits  and 

mode  of  life.  The  one  is  more  subject  to  inflammatory  diseases  than  the  other, 
from  which  the  former  does  not  so  readily  recover  as  the  latter.  Wounds  and 
injuries  of  a  very  serious  character  readily  admit  of  reparation ;  for  instance,  a 
native  falls  on  a  stake,  which  penetrated  (by  the  side  of  the  "  sphincter  ani") 
the  bladder;  he  walked  10  miles,  and  arrived  at  hospital  with  a  pendulous 
coagulum  at  the  mouth  of  the  urethra.  The  catheter  was  used ;  urine  and  blood 
escaped,  and  continued  to  flow  for  a  day  or  two ;  in  a  week  he  returned  home 
quite  well. 

Civilization  increases  the  proneness  to  Disease  and  the  facility  to  succumb  to  its 
Power. — Skin  diseases  are  more  prevalent  among  the  natives  than  the  settlers. 
Phthisis  carries  off  a  great  number ;  exposure  to  extremes  is  the  cause.  The 
subject  requires  to  be  treated  at  full  length. 

Ed.  W.  Holland,  xM.R.C.S. 

Melbourne.        Mr.  Thomas,   who  has  for  20  years  been  the  guardian  of  the  tribes  con- 

tiguous  to  Melbourne,  furnishes  a  statement,  showing  during  that  period  210 

"VicTOKL\..      deaths  as  compared  with  23  births,  and,  as   he   adds  in  a  note,  that  of  the 

children  born  most  died  before  the  first  month  was  over,  it  cannot  be  expected 

Vide  Eetarn,     that  these  tribes,  now  reduced  to  only  35  individuals  in  all,  will  be  long  in 
P-  60.  existence. 

Making  every  allowance,  indeed,  for  the  effects  of  European  vices,  and  especially 
of  intemperance,  by  which  quarrels  are  fomented,  and  exposure  to  cold  and  damp 
and  disease  produced,  there  is,  it  must  be  confessed,  something  mysterious  in 
that  deterioration  of  the  savage  which  succeeds  the  introduction  of  civilization, 
— and  which  can  hardlj^  be  more  forcibly  described  than  in  the  language  of  the 
old  man  quoted  by  Mr.  Goodwin, — "before  white  fellow  came,  black  fellow 
•  "  could  run  hke  emu,  but  now  supposing  big  one  run,  then  big  one  tired,  and 
"  plenty  heart  jump  about." 

Physical  prostration,  in  fact,  seems  to  follow  the  attempt  to  imitate  the  cus- 
toms of  civilized  society;  and,  as  I  had  abundant  opportunity  of  observing 
in  British  Guiana  among  the  Indians,  the  wearing  of  clothes  and  adoption  of  a 
more  settled  mode  of  life  detracts  from  skill  in  hunting  or  fishing  without 
imparting  sufficient  knowledge  of  or  taste  for  agricultural  pursuits  to  afford  a 
livelihood  in  exchange. 

Henry  Barkly. 

1.  Although  the  aborigines  of  this  colony  are  liable  to  the  usual  diseases  of 
Europeans,  I  invariablj'-  found  years  back  that  they  seldom  had  the  common 
diseases,  as  rheumatism,  &c.,  &c.,  to  the  extent  Europeans  have.  Yet  I  may 
state,  that  eight-tenths  of  the  mortahty  amongst  the  aborigines  of  Victoria 
arises  through  intemperance,  bringing  on  pulmonary  disorders,  pleurisy, 
pneumonia,  disorders  of  the  chest,  consumption,  &c.,  which  carries  them  off  so 
speedily  that  the  ablest  medical  treatment,  when  available,  seldom  saves  them. 
I  may  safely  state  that  when  their  respiratory  organs  are  once  affected  recovery 
becomes  hopeless.  I  have  witnessed  this  so  invariably  Anthin  the  last  10  years, 
as  to  look  forward  for  death  as  soon  as  they  are  afflicted  in  the  chest. 

2.  The  aborigines,  however,  were  not  so  affected  in  their  respiratory  organs 
years  back  as  at  present ;  they  have  only  been  carried  off  so  precipitately  since 
they  have  become  slaves  to  intoxicating  liquors.  I  have  known  blacks,  years 
back,  to  labour  under  diseases  of  the  lungs  for  nine  or  more  months,  but  now 
seldom  so  many  weeks,  and  often  not  so  many  days. 

3.  There  is  a  peculiarity  even  in  their  pulmonary  disorders  to  the  European; 
there  is  not  that  straining  distressing  coughing  which  Europeans  labour  under ; 
the  phlegm  comes  free  without  much  exertion  and  pain  to  the  invalid,  but 
accompanied  with  blood. 

4.  Wounds  of  whatever  kind  which  do  not  affect  a  vital  part  are  more  readily 
cured  than  in  white  people.  I  have  seen  most  desperate  wounds  inflicted  by 
their  weapons,  that  would  have  kept  Europeans  for  months  invalids,  healed  in 
an  incredibly  short  tim-e,  and  to  the  astonishment  of  medical  men.  "Wounds, 
whether  by  accident  or  otherwise,  are  immediately  attended  to  by  their  doctors ; 
if  in  the  fleshy  part  of  the  body,  they  suck  the  blood  from  the  wound,  and  con- 
tinue sucking  it  till  blood  ceases  to  be  extracted.     If  little  blood  comes  from 


67 

the  wound  they  know  all  is  not  right,  and  will  put  the  patient  to  pain  by  probing    Melbourne. 
the  wound  with  their  lancet  (a  sharp  bone),  or  place  the  body  or  limb  in  that  ____ 

position  as  to  compress  the  opposite  part  to  force  blood.  They  know  well  the 
consequences  of  stagnant  blood  or  matter,  especially  in  the  upper  parts  of  the 
body.  When  the  wound  is  thoroughly  cleansed  they  leave  the  rest  to  nature, 
clap  a  lump  of  pidgerong  (a  kind  of  wax  oozing  from  treesj  on  the  wound  ; 
should  there  follow  a  gathering,  they  open  the  wound  afresh,  and  see  all  right, 
and  again  cover  it  over  with  the  pidgerong  or  gum. 

5.  Rheumatism. — Their  general  remedy  is  friction.  If  very  severe  about  legs  or 
thighs,  the  doctor  gets  a  good  mound  prepared  of  ashes,  excavating  the  ground 
18  inches,  made  solely  from  bark,  which  never  has  any  grit,  but  mere  ash.  If 
lumbago,  the  patient  is  laid  on  his  stomach,  the  doctor  rubs  most  unmercifully 
the  hot  ashes  on  the  part  affected,  as  a  Ijutcher  would  in  salting  meat ;  if  in 
thighs  or  legs,  the  patient's  feet  are  put  into  the  mound  of  heated  ashes,  about 
half  way  up  his  legs,  where  he  sits  whilst  the  doctor  is  rubbing  the  hot  ashes 
on  the  })arts  affected.  During  this  process  the  doctor  is  incantating,  blowing 
occasionally  a  portion  of  dust  into  the  air  with  a  hissing  noise.  When  sufficiently 
operated  upon,  the  invahd  is  \vrapped  up  in  his  blanket. 

6.  Boils. — The  blacks  treat  boils  and  swelhngs  thus  : — When  hard,  they  lotion 
the  part  well  with  decoction  of  wattle  bark ;  when  obstinate,  they  boil  wild 
marshmallow,  and  poultice;  if  the  tumour  softens  and  does  not  break,  they 
apply  their  sharp  bone  lancet, 

7.  Eruptions  on  the  Skin. — The  aborigines  are  deeply  afflicted  with  a  disorder 
called  by  them  bubberum,  white  men  call  it  itch,  but  it  is  in  no  way  like  it ;  it 
appears  as  a  raised  dark  scab,  and  spreads,  joining  each  other,  till  it  in  severe 
cases  covers  almost  all  the  lower  extremities.  It  seldom  affects  the  head  or 
upper  parts,  but  I  have  known  it  almost  cover  the  thighs  and  downwards,  so  as 
to  cause  them  much  difficulty  in  moving  about.  Their  native  cure  for  this 
distemper  is  to  grease  the  parts  affected  every  night  and  morning  with  wheerup 
(a  red  ochre)  mixed  with  a  decoction  of  wattle  bark.  I  knew  one  instance  of  this 
disease  becoming  most  distressing  to  a  white  man  in  a  respectable  position  who 
was  continually  cohabiting  with  black  lubras. 

8.  On  Burns. — Through  their  imprudence  and  carelessness  they  often  get 
severe  burns,  which  they  cm-e  by  dabbing  the  parts  over  with  melted  fat,  after- 
wards dash  the  parts  affected  over  with  a  pulp  made  of  oppossum  fur  and  dust 
of  the  wheerup. 

9.  On  Dysentery. — The  aborigines  of  Australia  are  very  subject  to  dysentery, 
but  not  to  the  fatal  extent  as  Europeans;  their  remedy  of  this  disorder  is 
drinking  plentifully  a  decoction  of  wattle  bark  and  eating  gum  through  the  day, 
and  pills  night  and  morning  made  by  themselves  of  wattle  bark  and  gum. 

10.  Pains  in  the  Head,  Bilious,  S)-c. — If  of  long  standing,  the  patient  is  com- 
pelled to  lie  on  the  back ;  the  native  doctor  puts  his  foot  on  the  patient's  head 
above  his  neck  as  long  as  the  patient  can  bear  it,  till  water  literally  gushes  from 
the  patient's  eyes.  However  rough  this  treatment,  I  have  known  this  operation 
to  give  relief,  and  the  patient  cured. 

11.  Disorders  of  the  Lungs,  Spittiuff  of  Blood,  ^-c. — The  blacks  study  much 
the  colour  of  the  spittle  in  those  affected  in  the  lungs,  and  know  well  its  stages. 
When  the  patient  begins  to  spit  blood,  there  is  much  attention  paid  to  him ; 
should  this  increase,  which  generally  is  the  case,  the  native  doctors  have  a  con- 
sultation. When  once  the  black  doctors  hold  a  consultation,  they  will  not  let 
the  patient  take  any  more  medicine  from  the  whites.  The  invahd  is  laid  down 
on  his  back,  is  held  firm  by  three  or  more  blacks,  whilst  the  native  doctor  keeps 
continually  pressing  with  his  feet,  even  to  jump,  on  the  patient's  belly.  I  need 
scarcely  state  that  this  cruel  practice  brings  on  premature  death. 

12.  Venereal  Disease. — Though  this  disease  in  the  first  instance  must  have 
been  contracted  from  the  whites,  the  native  doctors  have  prescribed  a  cure, 
which,  though  simple,  I  have  found  efficacious.  They  boil  the  wattle  bark  till 
it  becomes  very  strong ;  they  use  it  as  a  lotion  to  the  parts  affected.  I  can  state 
here  from  my  own  personal  knowledge  of  three  Golburn  blacks  having  this 
disease  so  deeply  rooted  in  them,  that  the  then  colonial  surgeon,  Dr.  Cousin,  on 
examining  them  said  life  would  not  be  saved  unless  they  entered  into  the 
hospital,  and  an  operation  performed,  which  they  would  not  consent  to.  After 
18  months  these  three  blacks  returned  to  Melbourne  among  the  tribes  (two 


58 


were  young,  the  other  middle  aged.)  perfectly  cured,  and  the  blacks  assured  me 
they  had  used  only  the  wattle  bark  lotion.  Dr.  AVilmot,  our  late  coroner,  also 
saw  these  three  blacks  whilst  in  this  state  and  after  their  soundness,  and  in  his 
report  upon  the  aborigines  stated  "  however  violent  this  disease  may  appear 
"  among  aborigines,  that  it  could  not  enter  into  their  system  as  it  did  in 
"  European  constitutions." 

13.  In  the  aboriginal  primitive  state  in  times  of  sickness,  as  influenza  or  other 
diseases  prevalent,  they  invariably  carried  fire  about  with  them  wherever  they 
went  J  this  was  of  bark  only ;  a  thick  bark,  which  they  provided  for  the  day's 
journey. 

14.  Fevers. — The  aboriginal  doctors'  treatment  in  fevers  is  strictly  the  cold 
water  system;  no  matter  what  kind  of  fever  it  maybe,  cold  water  is  the  remedy, 
accompanied  with,  prohibition  of  animal  food.  The  doctors  have  a  quantity 
of  water  by  them,  fill  their  mouths  full,  spurt  it  from  the  mouth  over  the 
whole  of  tiie  patient's  body,  back  and  front,  and  for  a  considerable  time  to 
the  navel,  then  \^'ith  their  hands  throw  it  over  the  face  and  breast ;  then  lay 
the  patient  on  the  back,  breathe  and  blow  at  the  navel,  incantating  continually 
while  operating.  If  the  patient  be  young,  the  doctor  will  carrj'  him,  and 
plunge  him  or  her  into  the  creek  or  river.  The  adult  patients  will  volun- 
tarily, by  the  assistance  of  their  friends,  plunge  themselves  in  three  or  four 
times  a  day.  The  blacks  obstinately  persist  in  this  mode  of  treatment,  although 
they  find  generally  death  is  the  result.  I  was  not  a  little  surprised  to  find 
many  years  back  that  this  also  was  the  mode  of  treatment  among  the  natives 
of  the  South  Sea  Islands.  As  soon  as  fever  attacked  them,  they  crept  to  the 
banks  of  the  Yarra,  and  plunged  themselves  in  three  or  more  times  a  day,  as 
the  aboriginals  of  Australia.  I  was  called  to  witness  their  habits  when  a  party 
of  them  were  enticed  over  by  the  late  Mr.  Boyd ;  they  were  located  at  Mr.  Fennel's 
(Mr.  Boyd's  agent)  by  the  banks  of  the  Yarra. 

15.  I  attach  to  this  report  on  the  diseases  of  the  aborigines  the  opinions  of 
29  gentlemen,  situated  in  various  parts  of  the  colony,  who  one  and  aU  bear 
testimony  to  the  aw^l  mortality  amongst  them. 


Mr, 


Names. 
Orr 
Lane 

Templeton 
Sherard  - 
Shuter    - 
Wilson  - 
Feskin    - 
McLeod 
Ormond 
Cook       - 
Aitkin     - 
Skene     - 
Beveridge 
Allen      - 
Craig 
GiUes      - 
Strutt     - 
J.  M.  Allan     - 
Godfrey  - 
Gottreux 
Currie     - 
Lydiard  - 
Stewart  - 
Mitchell- 
Coake    - 
Huou     - 
Wills  (Omeo)- 
Featherston-  - 

haugh. 
Lewes    - 


Diseases. 
Intemperance  and  venereal. 
Scorbutic. 

Intemperance  and  venereal. 
Intemperance  and  exposure. 
Consumption  and  decline. 
Intemperance  and  exposure. 

Bronchitis,  pericarditis,  psoriasis,  and  intemperance. 
Intemperance  and  exposure. 
Consumption,  venereal,  and  intemperance. 
Syphihs. 

Liver  complaints ;  intemperance ;  rheumatism. 
Syphilis,  consumption,  and  rheumatism. 
Pulmonarj'  consumption  and  venereal. 
Influenza. 

Influenza,  consumption,  and  intemperance. 
Intemperance. 
Intemperance  and  ^^olence. 
Influenza ;  inflammation  of  lungs ;  venereal. 
Drunkenness;  consumption;  venereal. 
Bronchitis;  affection  of  the  chest. 
Puimonary  complaints;  intemperance. 
Syphihs  ;  intemperance  ;  rheumatism. 
Consumption;  intemperance. 
Pulmonary  consumption ;  venereal. 
Consumption  and  old  age. 
Influenza ;  intemperance. 
Intemperance  ;  gun-shot  wounds ;  venereal. 
Pulmonarj';  venereal. 

Atrophy;  influenza. 


59 


16,  A  return  from  a  public  hospital,  I  deem,  would  be  a  fair  criterion  for  the    Melbourne. 
Central  Board,  embracing  the  two  points,  mortality  and  diseases.  _— 

Return  of  Aboriginal  Natives  admitted  into  the  Melbourne  Hospital  from 
1st  January  to  8th  November  to  date. 


Date. 

Name. 

Teibe. 

Disease. 

Remaeks. 

April  17       -       - 
July  4         -       - 
September  14     - 

18 

October  30 

„     30 

Tommy  Buckley 
Maria        -       - 
James  Shaw- 
Sandy        -       - 
Tommy  Buckley 

Tommy  Nanner- 
ing. 

Gipps'  Ld. 
Tarra 
Hopkins'  R.      - 

Sydney      - 

Gipps'  Ld 

Yarra 

Burnt  back 

Pneumonia 

Pleurisy;  Phthi- 
sis. 

Pneumonia  and 
Phthsis. 

Pleurisy    and 
Phthisis. 

Pneumonia  and 
Phthisis. 

Discharged, July  20 

Do.          „     24 

Died,      October  21 

Do.   September  25 

Do.     November  2 

Do. 

4  deaths,  and  2  discharged. 


60 


Mblbotjrke. 


Sec 

03   be 


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12 


1 

,a 
1 

o 

B 
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11 
s  a 

3 

i 

i 
1 

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2  executed. 
1  executed. 
1  died  by  violence. 

1  murdered  ;  1  died  of  wounds. 

2  executed. 

1  murdered. 

2  murdered  by  Gipps'  Land  blacks. 
1  speared  in  drunken  fray. 

5  murdered  ;  1,  through  intemperance. 

1  murdered  in  drunken  row  ;  1,  intemperance. 

1  poisoned  while  drunk  ;  1,  intemperance. 

2,  through  intemperance  ;  1,  supposed  poisoned. 

1  Murray  I{.  black,  through  intemperance. 

2  suddenly  intoxicated  ;  1,  Collingwood  stockade. 

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It  will  be  apparent  fi"om  this  Eeturn,  taken 
carefully  from  my  journal,  that  there  has  been 
no  comparison  of  births  in  propoi'tion  to  deaths. 

Of  these  children  born,  it  is  lamentable  that 
most  died  before  the  first  month,  or  removing 
from  the  encampment  for  a  week  or  two  and 
return  childless. 

I  have  in  one  line  included  the  last  nine  years, 
as  there  have  been  no  births  from  any  other  tribe 
in  the  Yarra  and  Western  Port  Districts. 

•IBiox  pirejo 

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841  - 

842  - 

843  - 

844  - 

845  - 

846  - 

847  - 

848  - 

849  - 
849  - 
859,1 
ears  J 

1  Apr.  1839  to 
Mar.  1840  to     1 
Mar.  1841  to     1 
Mar.  1842  to     1 
Mar.  1843  to     1 
Mar.  1844  to     1 
Mar.  1845  to     1 
June  1846  to 
June  1847  to     1 
June  1848  to     1 
June  1849  to  31 
June  1850  to  31 
thel 

S 

2   "  ==--  =  =  """  =  - 

Melboitrne. 


62 

South  Having  travelled  much  in  Australia.  America,  and  the  West  Indies,   and 

AusxKAiiA      having  also  resided  on  the  Coast  of  Africa,  where  I  penetrated  a  considerable 

~~"  distance  into  the  interior,  traversing  the  countries  between  the  Gambia  and 

the  Senegal,  and  ascending  the  former  river  600  miles,  I  was  consequently 

frequently  brought  into  contact  with  numerous  aboriginal  tribes  of  very  different 

characters  and  descent,  and  under  varying  physical  and  external  circumstances. 

I  have,  however,  never  seen  natives  whose  general  habits  and  physical  con- 
formation impressed  me  so  completely  with  the  idea  of  a  perishable  and  doomed 
race  as  the  aborigines  of  the  southern  portion  of  this  continent. 

I  may  add  that  as  I  almost  always  find  it  necessary  to  release  native  prisoners 
before  the  expiration  of  their  sentences,  because  death  is  apt  to  ensue  from  any 
prolonged  confinement,  I  cannot  but  think  that  even  the  partial  confinement  in 
schools  injuriously  affects  the  native  constitution,  so  nearly  do  they  approximate 
to  the  lower  animal  creation. 

Adelaide,  Richard  Graves  MacDonnell, 

Nov.  23,  1860.  Governor. 

The  aboriginies  of  this  colony  (South  Australia)  have  not  a  very  wide  range 
of  disease  from  which  they  suffer. 

I  have  never  seen  a  case  of  small-pox,  scarlet  fever,  measles,  or  hooping  cough, 
and  I  was  ofi&cially  connected  with  them  for  18  years. 

Fever  occurs,  but  not  frequently,  as  they  have  no  confined  badly  ventilated 
dwellings. 

Diarrhoea  and  dysentery  make  their  appearance  in  the  hot  weather,  and  from 
five  to  ten  per  cent,  of  the  cases  prove  fatal ;  these  attacks  occur  most  fre- 
quently during  dentition,  as  with  the  Europeans. 

The  brain  and  nervous  system  are  seldom  attacked  primarily.  In  their  native 
state  they  indulge  in  no  stimulants,  and  are  not  guilty  of  overtaxing  their  mental 
powers. 

Consumption  is  common  amongst  them ;  and  in  every  death  that  I  have 
seen  in  the  school  children,  there  have  been  tubercular  deposits  in  the  lungs. 
The  same  occurs  in  the  adults  who  have  been  six  months  and  upwards  confined 
in  gaol ;  in  fact,  they  cannot  survive  confinement  in  a  prison  beyond  two  years. 
Confine  them  two  years  and  they  will  waste  and  die  in  a  few  months  after 
liberation. 

The  most  fatal  disease  that  has  come  under  my  notice  is  the  venereal,  con- 
tracted by  contact  with  the  Europeans.  Males  and  females  suffer  ahke  from  it, 
and  die  generally  of  secondary  efi'ects. 

As  a  race  the  aborigines  are  dying  off  and  disappearing  before  a  more  highly 
civilized  people,  and  must  eventually  disappear  altogether.  The  venereal  disease 
on  the  one  hand,  and  the  fact  that  the  women  are  apt  to  become  prostitutes, 
and  in  consequence  cease  to  bear  children,  on  the  other,  are  reducing  them  at 
a  very  rapid  rate. 

M.  MoORHOUSE, 

Late  Protector  of  Aborigines. 

It  is  universally  admitted  that  they  are  fast  decreasing  in  number,  and  the 
cause  of  this  decrease  is  attributed  by  most  witnesses  to  their  partial  assump- 
tion of  semi-civilized  habits ;  where  formerly  they  clothed  themselves  with  the 
skins  of  animals  taken  in  the  chase,  contact  with  Europeans  has  so  changed  their 
habits  that  they  now,  in  a  great  measure,  depend  upon  the  scanty  dole  of 
blankets  issued  by  the  Government,  which  suppUes,  it  appears  from  evidence, 
have  been  most  irregular.  Great  suffering  has  been  occasioned,  especially  among 
the  aged  and  mfirm  natives,  by  the  insufficient  and  ill-timed  supplies,  both  of 
blankets  and  provisions.  Disease  appears  to  be  induced  by  this  partial  and 
irregular  clothing ;  pulmonary  complaints  prevailed  to  a  fearful  extent  during 
last  winter,  aggravated  by,  if  not  entirely  attributable  to,  this  cause. 

This  decrease  in  their  numbers  is  attributable  to  many  causes  : — 

1st.  From  infanticide,  to  a  limited  extent. 

2nd.  From  certain  rites  performed  upon  yovmg  men  of  some  tribes,  impairing 
their  physical  powers. 

3rd.  From  the  introduction  among  them  by  Europeans  of  a  more  aggravated 
form  of  syphilis  than  was  known  to  exist  previous  to  our  occupation  of  the 
country. 


63 


4th.  From  the  introduction  and  use  of  intoxicating  liquors,  a  habit  of  using 
which  to  excess  is  prevalent  among  the  natives,  who,  despite  of  existing  laws 
to  the  contrary,  are  frequently  aided  by  Europeans  in  obtaining  supplies. 

5th.  From  the  promiscuous  intercourse  of  the  sexes.  This  is  proved  by 
evidence  to  be  carried  to  such  an  extent,  not  only  between  themselves,  but  also 
with  Europeans,  as,  in  a  great  measure,  of  itself  to  account  for  the  infecundity 
of  the  race. 

6th.  From  the  disproportion  of  sexes. 

Geo.  Hall,  Chairman. 

The  question  raised  by  Miss  Nightingale,  "  Can  we  civilize  the  aborigines 
"  without  killing  them  ?  "  naturally  arises  from  the  fact  that  wherever  Europeans 
have  taken  possession  of  the  country  of  savage  races,  the  latter  have  gradually 
disappeared  before  the  face  of  the  "  white  man." 

This  state  of  things,  I  believe,  may  be  traced  to  the  three  following  causes  : — 

1st.  The  acquirement  by  the  aborigines  of  the  love  for  intoxicating  liquors. 

2nd.  The  immorality  of  the  women  with  the  "  white  man,"  preventing  their 
bearing  children. 

3rd.  The  introduction  of  diseases  more  fatal  .to  them  than  to  the  Europeans, 
arising  from  their  exposed  lives,  and  general  objection  to  submit  themselves  to 
proper  medical  treatment. 

It  will  thus  be  easily  seen  that  the  aborigines  do  not,  in  reality,  gradually 
disappear  before  the  advantages  of  civilization,  but  rather  fall  victims  to  the 
vices  and  diseases  introduced  by  the  advent  of  unprincipled  Europeans  among 
them. 

Perth,  Nov.  17,  I860.  John  Ferguson, 

Colonial  Surgeon. 

It  is  quite  certain  that  the  natives  die  in  quick  succession  in  the  districts 
inhabited  by  Europeans,  and  it  appears  not  less  certain  that  a  great  many  of  the 
deaths  are  attributable  to  their  having  lived  among  us.  But  it  is  not  civilization 
that  has  caused  their  deaths  ;  it  is  rather  the  vices  of  the  Europeans  which  they 
have  imbibed,  and  the  ignorance  and  recklessness  of  results  in  the  natives 
themselves.  They  are  mere  children  in  understanding,  and  if  their  present 
wants  are  gratified  they  care  not  for  the  future.  As  an  instance : — There  is  a 
stringent  law  prohibiting  the  selling  or  giving  intoxicating  drinks  to  them,  but 
they  willingly  yield  to  the  assistance  offered  to  them  by  unprincipled  sailors  and 
others  to  elude  this  law  made  for  their  benefit.  The  men  become  intoxicated, 
and  misery  and  wretchedness  are  the  consequences  to  a  portion  of  their  families, 
who  die  prematurely,  but  not  before  their  vicious  habits  have  injured  many 
besides  themselves.  There  are  many  individuals  in  all  countries  who  neither 
regard  the  laws  of  God  nor  man,  and  these  unfoi-tunate  people  might  have 
been  of  the  number,  even  if  they  had  been  civilized,  but  the  probability  is,  that 
there  would  not  have  been  so  many  victims  if  they  had  been  rescued  as  children, 
and  been  taught  what  was  right  and  really  civilized.  To  live  such  a  life  as 
they  now  lead  in  towns  among  Europeans  is  not  being  civilized. 

Not  one  of  the  Annesfield  school  children  have  ever  shown  the  slightest  wish 
to  return  to  the  bush  ;  and  from  their  parents  and  other  relatives  visiting  them 
they  have  had  opportunities  enough  to  do  so,  if  they  had  chosen  to  go.  They 
duly  appreciate  civiUzation,  and  it  has  not  injured  the  health  of  any  of  them, 
but,  on  the  contrary,  several  that  were  ill  when  they  came  have  improved  in 
health. 

It  can  scarcely  be  said  that  the  civilization  of  the  aborigines  has  been 
attempted  in  Western  Australia.  Five  or  six  schools  have  at  different  times 
been  established ;  some  of  these  by  private  societies  or  individuals,  and  the 
remainder  by  Government.  But  there  has  been  no  organized  system  adopted, 
such  as  is  necessary  to  the  carrying  out  any  great  work.  How  little  can  any 
single  school  do  !  In  the  Annesfield  Government  Institution  it  has  iieen  the  aim 
to  prove  that  the  natives  are  capable  of  being  made  useful  members  of  society, 
and,  what  is  more,  that  they  are  capable  of  understanding  and  embracing  the 
great  truths  of  salvation  ;  and  the  result  is  fully  satisfactory.  But  this  institu- 
tion is  limited  to  24  children. 

The.  aborigines  are  Uke  so  much  material  without  capital  or  tools  to 
fashion  it.     For  in  a  country  such  as  this,  where  there  are  so  many  profitable 


South 
australia. 


Westbun 
austeaija. 


64 


Western      ^'ajs  of  employing  money  and  labour,  few  can  be  found  willing  to  furnish 
Australia,     either  of  these  requisites  for  this  work  of  benevolence  and  unsought  justice.     It 

is  said  that  nothing  can  be  effected  among  the  adult  natives.     But  the  colony 

has  now  been  in  the  possession  of  the  English  31  years,  and'  if  the  then 
parents  had  been  induced  to  give  up  their  children  for  training,  or  even  if 
they  had  given  them  up  three  or  four  years  after,  when  they  had  got  to  know 
us  as  a  friendly  people,  there  would  now  be  few  of  them  in  the  settled  districts 
but  such  as  would  have  had  the  opportunity  of  being  civilized. 

Anne  Camfield, 

Cetlon.  In   reply  to  Miss  Nightingale's    question,     "WTiether  we  can  civilize  the 

—  "  native  people  without  kiUing  them  ?"  it  is  gratifying  to  be  able  to  assure 
her,  that  in  Ceylon  the  native  population,  both  of  Singhalese  and  Tamil  race, 
instead  of  declining  and  dying  off  before  the  European  settlers,  is  rapidly  in- 
creasing, and  that  the  number  both  of  our  schools  and  scholars  would  be  far 
greater  than  it  is,  if  only  we  had  the  means  of  maintaining  them  at  command. 

J.  Colombo. 

The  steady  increase  of  population,  however,  except  perhaps  in  the  remotest 
districts,  which  education  in  any  form  has  not  yet  reached,  inclines  me  to 
believe  that  schools,  whether  conducted  on  the  native  or  English  systems, 
have  proved  an  unqualified  benefit  to  the  people,  and  that,  instead  of  inducing 
or  extending  disease  of  any  kind,  many  of  those  enumerated  in  Miss  Night, 
ingale's  list  being  unknown  in  Ceylon,  they  have,  by  even  temporarily  with- 
drawing those  who  by  reason  of  their  tender  age  are  most  subject  to  the 
injurious  consequences  of  bad  habits  and  premature  exertion,  secured  for  them 
a  remarkable  immunity  from  the  prevaihng  diseases  of  the  country  for  the 
remainder  of  their  lives. 

C.  P.  Layakd,  Govt.  Agent. 

See  Tables  V.  The  principal  civil  medical  officer  has  prepared  returns  to  show  the  diseases 
and  W.,  pp.  50  of  the  Singhalese  and  mixed  races,  and  of  the  Malabars.  The  deaths  among 
and  51.  the  latter  are  in  the  proportion  of  20  per  cent,  against  8  per  cent,  among  the 

former.  This  remarkable  disproportion  in  the  mortality  may  be  accounted  for 
by  the  starxdng  condition  in  which  the  Malabar  coolies  generally  arrive  in  this 
colony ;  their  uncleanly  habits ;  their  abstinence  from  animal  food,  and,  as  a 
consequence,  the  low  standard  of  their  vital  organization ;  and  exposure  with- 
out sufficient  clothing  in  the  cold  climate  of  the  hills.  They  sink  rapidly  under 
attacks  of  diarrhoea,  dysentery,  and  anasarca. 

The  diseases  which  are  most  prevalent  and  fatal  among  the  native  races  are 
such  as  are  incidental  to  this  climate,  viz.,  fever,  chiefly  of  the  intermittent 
type,  bowel  complaints,  and  anasarca,  while  cases  of  scrofula  and  consumption, 
to  which  Miss  Nightingale  alludes  as  prevalent  "  among  those  converted  to 
"  Christian  civilization,"  are  happily  seldom  met  with. 

The  Commission  states,  in  reply  to  Miss  Nightingale's  question,  "  Can  we 
"civilize  these  people  without  killing  them?"  that  those  diseases  which  are 
supposed  to  be  attendant  on  European  civiHzation  are  not  common  among  the 
native  inhabitants  of  the  colony,  and  that,  so  far  fi-om  the  natives  dying  out 
before  the  march  of  civilization,  the  native  population  is  on  the  increase  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  larger  towns,  while  it  is  only  in  the  remote  and  less 
civihzed  districts  that  the  population  is  decreasing,  and  this  from  causes  which 
are  being  gradually  removed  by  the  spread  of  education. 

C.  J.  Mac  Carthy. 

It  will  doubtless  be  satisfactory  to  Miss  Nightingale  to  learn  that  scrofula  and 
consumption  are  not  common  diseases  among  the  native  inhabitants  of  the 
colony,  and  that,  so  far  from  the  efi'orts  made  to  ci^'ilize  the  people  having 
the  effect  of  causing  the  extinction  of  the  native  races  in  this  colony,  the 
natives  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  larger  towns  are  rapidly  increasing  in 
numbers,  while  in  some  of  the  remoter  districts  where  schools  are  as  yet  unknown 
the  population  is  decreasing.  Amongst  the  causes  of  this  decrease  may  be 
mentioned  the  hateful  practice  of  polyandry,  now  happily  forbidden  by  law, 
and  the  want  of  proper  sustenance,  the  result  partly  of  imperfect  means  of 
cultivation.     A  better  state   of  things  is  gradually  being  brought  about  by 


65 


the  spread  of  education,  and  by  this  ^•ery  oivihzation  \\■h^c■\^  is  said  to  be  likely       Ceylon. 
to  cause  the  extinction  of  the  nativo  races. 

J.  F,  Dickson. 

Remarks  hi/  the  Rev.  Mr.  Ondoatjee. 

In  reference  to  the  reasons  which  induced  Miss  Nightingale  to  enter  on  the  Matura. 
))resent  field  of  inquiry,  it  may  be  stated  that  the  conversion  of  the  natives  of 
this  island  to  Christianity,  so  far  from  its  exerting  any  fatal  or  injurious  effect 
on  health  and  life,  has  vastly  improved  their  condition  socially  as  well  as 
physically.  Christian  civilization  is  doing  much  for  them ;  and  the  only  hope 
we  have  of  raising  the  people  from  that  state  of  moral  degradation  in  which 
they  are  found  throughout  the  country  is  by  imparting  to  them  the  knowledge 
of  Christian  truth,  which  never  fails  to  produce  the  happiest  effects  on  their 
habits  of  life  in  general,  though  it  may  occasionally  happen,  that  by  intercourse 
with  foreigners,  vices  inimical  to  longevity  are  learnt  by  the  aborigines.  On 
the  whole,  however,  it  cannot  for  a  moment  be  doubted  that  it  is  to  the  intro- 
duction of  Christianity,  and,  along  with  it,  of  Eurojjean  science  and  European 
literature,  that  we  have  to  look  for  the  gradual  amelioration  of  the  condition 
of  the  races  that  inhabit  this  island  ;  and,  consequently,  it  appears  to  me  that 
no  effort  should  be  spared  to  extend  the  benefits  of  a  sound  Christian  education 
;,giving  it  as  much  as  possible  a  practical  tone  and  character)  throughout  the 
length  and  breadth  of  this  beautiful  and  interesting  country.  It  must  be 
admitted  that  there  has  been  but  little  done  as  yet  in  the  island  in  the  \^'ay  of 
Christian  civilization ;  but  those  who  are  in  a  position  to  compare  the  state  of 
things  at  present  with  what  it  ^^'as  20  or  30  years  ago  admit  that  there  are 
signs  of  progress  to  Ije  seen  in  various  parts  of  the  island,  and  surely  this  as 
a  ground  of  encouragement  is  not  to  be  despised  or  underrated. 

W.  C.  Macready, 
Matura,  20th  December  1860.  Acting  Asst.  Agent. 

This  return  contains  the  numbers  of  admissions  to,  deaths  and  discharges     Mauritius. 
from,  the  civil  hospital,  during  the  last  six  years,  of  the  Creoles  and  Indians,     _     — -—• 
which  may  be  taken  to   re^n-esent   the   aljoriginal  population   of  this   island,  ^ide  J^°^^^ 
although  tew,  except  the  Creoles,  are  really  natives.    It  \vill  be  seen  that  the  rate        °^      \    „ 
of  deaths  is  very  large,  and  this,  without  explanation,  might  give  rise  to  false  PP-    ^  ^^ 
inference  as  to  the  healthfulness  of  the  island.     The  general  death  rate  of  the 
Indians  throughout  the  island  for  1859  was  25  jier  1,000,  or  only  2  per  1,000 
above  that  of  all  England  for  1858  ;  and,  when  it  is  considered  that  all,  or  almost 
all,  the  Indians  are  agricultural  labourers  or  servants,  and  from  the  nature  of 
their  labour  much  exposed  to  casualties,  such  a  death  rate  points  to  Mauritius 
as  (what  it  is)  an  exceedingly  healthy  locality.     Why  then  so  large  a  mortality 
as  22  per  cent,  in  the  civil  hospital  ?     The  answer  is  readily  given  by  the  fact 
that  the  same  prejudice  against  hospitals  exists  among  the  Indians  and  Creoles 
here  as  among  the  poorer  classes  in  England,  but  in  an  exaggerated  degree, 
and  consequently  that  a  very  large  proportion  of  absolutely  hopeless  cases  are 
admitted;  so  much  is  this  the  case,  that  in  1860,  ovit  of  696  deaths,  no  less 
than  iOS  died  within  24  hours  after  admission,   and  nearly  one-half  of  the 
deaths  occurred  within  the  first  week. 

In  this  retiu'n  two  epidemics  of  cholera  are  included ;  one  of  very  severe 
character  in  1856,  and  a  smaller  one  in  1859,  which  carried  off  above  306 
patients.  The  most  fatal  diseases,  it  will  be  seen,  are  dysentery,  diarrhoea, 
phthisis,  dropsy,  and  fe\'er.  The  greater  number  of  the  cases  of  dysentery 
admitted  are  old  worn-out  cases  in  the  last  stage  of  emaciation,  filth,  and 
misery ;  many  of  them  abandoned  by  their  friends,  picked  up  by  the  police,  and 
brought  into'hospital  to  die.  The  greater  part  of  the  cases  entered  as  diarrhoea 
in  former  years  were  undoulrtedly  cither  dysentery  or  phthisis  ;  the  latter  is  as 
prevalent  (if  not  more  so)  among  all  classes  of  inhabitants  as  in  England.  The 
cases  of  dropsy  depend  on  the  same  causes  as  in  Europe,  but  many  cases  are 
seen  which  present  scarcely  any  morbid  change  in  any  of  the  organs.  Fever  is 
of  very  low  type,  and  true  typhus  and  typhoid  are  not  unfrequent.  Although 
many  of  the  Indians  and  Creoles  are  habitual  drunkaj'ds,  cases  of  delirium 
ti'emens  are  very  rare.  Leprosy  is  a  frequent  and  fearful  disease  among 
creoles  and  Indians,  but  the  frequency  is  not  shown  in  the  return,  as,  until 


66 


Madkitifs. 


Canada. 


Manatow- 

AXING. 

Vide  Tables 
X.  and  Y., 
pp.  52  and  53. 


lately,  all  the  cases  of  leprosy  were  sent  to  a  ward  for  that  purpose  in  the  lunatio 
asylum.  This  disease  rarely  occurs  among  Europeans  arrived  from  Europe, 
it  is  more  frequent  among  Creoles  of  European  parents  born  in  the  island,  and 
very  much  more  so  among  the  mixed  African  race  and  the  Indians.  Tetanus, 
both  traumatic  and  idiopathic,  occurs  very  much  more  frequently  than  in 
Europe. 

P.  B.  Ayres,  M.D.  Lond., 
Civil  Hospital,  Port  Louis,  Siu-geon  in  charge. 

22d  June  1861. 

Diseases  of  malarious  origin  are  most  numerous  among  Indians  as  well  as 
whites,  the  former  comparing  favourably  mth  the  latter  as  far  as  health  is 
concerned. 

R.  H.  Dee,  M.D. 

As  regards  the  diseases  it  is  easy  to  perceive  that  some  predominate  over 
others ;  for  instance,  chronicus  rheumatismus,  worms,  porrigo,  bronchitis 
chronica,  phthisis  pulmonalis,  and  others.  These,  of  course,  in  a  great  measure 
originate  from  the  careless  and  dirty  habits  of  the  semi-civilized  Indians,  along 
with  their  daily  exposure  to  all  sorts  of  weather  without  ha^dng  different 
clothing  to  wear  in  winter  from  that  which  they  have  been  in  the  habit  of 
using  during  the  summer ;  in  addition  to  which,  their  Uving  principally  upon 
corn  and  potatoes  (fish  not  always  being  procurable),  which  induces  the  pro- 
duction of  worms,  and  at  the  same  time  being  a  sort  of  food  very  unsuitable 
for  children.  Scrofula  is  universal  amongst  them,  and  in  a  great  measure  is 
produced  from  their  near  intermarriages ;  and  it  is  quite  a  common  circum- 
stance for  a  boy  of  16  or  17  to  marry  a  girl  of  the  same  age,  and  very  often 
much  younger ;  hence  the  offspring  of  such  parents  must  necessarily  be  weak 
and  degenerate,  and  in  consequence  of  their  hereditary  debility  more  liable  to 
the  attacks  of  illness.  Again,  those  Indians  uncivilized  living  at  a  great  dis- 
tance in  the  interior,  and  who  come  down  occasionally  to  trade  with  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company,  I  have  always  been  given  to  understand  were  for  the 
most  part  generally  healthy,  much  more  so  than  those  of  the  semi-civihzed  tribes. 
I  myself  have  had  but  little  communication  with  them,  as  they  seldom  \'isit  our 
island,  but  the  officers  of  the  Company's  service,  mth  whom  I  have  become 
acquainted,  have  always  expressed  but  one  opinion  upon  the  subject. 

David  Laytox. 


In  running  over  the  diseases  for  the  last  five  years,  many  cases  of  common 
occurrence,  not  of  dangerous  or  severe  nature,  are  omitted,  from  the  fact  that 
no  particular  inventory  was  required,  so  that  the  enclosed  number  of  cases  are 
merely  taken  at  the  time  of  attendance  from  their  symptoms  and  necessity  for 
peculiar  or  active  treatment. 

You  are  aware  that  the  Savnia  Indians  are  principally  Christians,  or  call 
themselves  such,  although  living  in  a  half-civilized  state.  For  one  portion  of 
the  year  they  are  living  in  warm  comfortable  houses,  while  provisions  and  the 
necessaries  of  life  are  easily  procured  by  them ;  during  this  period  they  are 
happy  and  contented,  little  sickness  prevailing.  The  other  portion  of  the  year,  from 
a  peculiar  propensity,  I  suppose  inherent  in  the  race,  they  take  to  the  bush,  while 
their  living  in  wigwams,  scant  of  clothing,  provisions  hard  to  be  obtained, 
exposed  to  all  the  vicissitudes  of  climate,  wet  feet,  &c.,  as  a  natural  conse- 
quence intermittents,  remittent,  and  other  fevers,  rheumatism,  laryngitis,  bronchitis, 
pleurisy,  pneumonia, phthisis  pulmonalis,  follow  invariably. 

Their  diversity  of  diet  and  method  of  living  has  a  most  pernicious  influence 
in  causing  dyspepsia,  worms,  and  most  other  iUs  to  which  the  alimentary  canal 
is  liable,  while  congestion  of  liver,  lungs,  and  irritation  of  bladder  are  of  very 
frequent  occurrence  in  a  mild  form  ;  from  this  cause  the  whole  tribe  suffer, 
even  to  children  of  a  year  old. 

What  may  have  been  their  aihnents  while  in  a  heathen  state  I  cannot  say, 
not  being  in  attendance  on  them,  but  from  what  I  hear  of  the  number  of  deaths 
at  that  period,  from  variola  before  the  introduction  of  vaccination,  exposure,  scant 
clothing  and  diet,  and  changes  of  climate,  &c.,  it  must  have  been  enormous ;  to 
draw  any  definite  result  or  give  ana  verage  of  deaths  from  their  former  and  present 
mode  of  living  would  be  impossible  on  my  ])art.  The  few  families  of  Christian 


Q7 

Indians  on  the  reserve  who  Uve  as  whites  are  just  as  healthy,  and  increase  in     Manatow- 
numhers  equally,  while  the  whole  tribe,  as  they  are  at  present,  increase  yearly.  anino. 

Thomas  W.  Johnston,  M.D., 
Savnia,  C.  W. 

As  to  the  sanitary  state  of  the  native  population,  I  regret  to  state,  not  only  Ni^.w  Zealand. 

from  the  information  of  several  gentlemen  with  whom  during  my  mission  I  had  

an  opportunity  of  conversing,  but  also  from  personal  observation  and  inquiry, 
that  they  are  by  no  means  in  that  healthy  state  which  one  would  be  led  to 
expect  when  compared  with  the  advance  they  have  made  in  other  respects.  In 
the  former  it  would  appear  that  they  are  retrograding,  and  this  decline  is 
especially  visible  in  and  near  the  European  towns,  and  easily  attributable 
to  causes,  the  prevalence  of  which  is  more  or  less  detrimental  to  any  body  of 
persons,  but  felt  in  a  greater  degree  in  a  mixed  commimity  of  Europeans  and 
natives.  In  iUusti*ation  of  this,  I  may  mention  the  comparatively  few  births, 
while  fi'om  the  census  it  will  be  seen  that  a  greater  equality  of  the  sexes  prevails 
than  was  generally  believed  to  lie  the  case  throughout  the  entire  district?  ;  and 
perhaps,  therefore,  the  most  favourable  conclusion  to  form  is,  that  the  native 
population  is  not  increasing,  or,  in  other  words,  that,  taking  the  deaths  and 
births  into  account,  it  is  likely  to  remain  stationary  for  some  time  to  come, 
unless  swept  off  by  some  iinusual  and  fatal  disease. 

Welhngton,  H.  Tacy  Kemp, 

15  June  1850.  Native  Secretary. 


LONDON 
Printed  by  George  E.  Eyre  and  William  Spottibwoode, 
Printers  to  the  Queen's  most  Excellent  Majesty.